美國回收成功案例AN AMERICAN RECYCLING SUCCESS STORY

2003年11月25日，美國煤灰協(xié)會(huì )公布了2002年煤炭燃燒產(chǎn)物(CCP)的生產(chǎn)和使用數據。ACAA是一個(gè)以促進(jìn)CCPs安全經(jīng)濟利用為宗旨的行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì )。ACAA的成員包括電力公司、CCP市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)人員以及各種企業(yè)和大學(xué)的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)機構。 該協(xié)會(huì )估計2002年總CCP產(chǎn)量為1.287億噸，而2001年為1.179億噸。這是大約9%的外推增長(cháng)。2002年的數據是根據對美國近600家燃煤電廠(chǎng)的抽樣調查得出的估計數字。這些電廠(chǎng)大多為投資者所有。2002年總CCP利用率估計為4550萬(wàn)噸，與2001年的3710萬(wàn)噸和31.5%相比，占35.4%。CCP總產(chǎn)量每年會(huì )有很大的波動(dòng),影響等因素的總量煤炭燃燒,燃燒煤炭的灰分含量(即不同的煤炭資源具有不同的內容和混合可能會(huì )改變灰生產(chǎn)利率),和煙氣洗滌器系統治療。  以噸位計算，粉煤灰是最大的單一類(lèi)別，2002年的產(chǎn)量估計為7650萬(wàn)噸。粉煤灰是由設備收集的(如靜電除塵器和織物過(guò)濾袋屋)，這是工廠(chǎng)的空氣排放控制系統的一部分。與往年一樣，它對利用率的貢獻最大。例如，粉煤灰可以代替混凝土產(chǎn)品中使用的部分波特蘭水泥。2002年大約有1260萬(wàn)噸以這種方式使用，略高于2001年的1240萬(wàn)噸。2002年的總飛灰用量估計為2,650萬(wàn)噸，2001年為2,200萬(wàn)噸，增幅約為7%。ACAA的調查繼續顯示，盡管經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)緩慢，建筑行業(yè)相對平淡，但粉煤灰使用量仍在增加。造成這種增長(cháng)的可能原因包括:當地材料/礦物短缺、由于選礦技術(shù)而提高了粉煤灰的質(zhì)量、混合設計中使用了更大比例的粉煤灰、土壤工程中增加了粉煤灰的使用以及廢物穩定化或這些因素的組合。其他CCP類(lèi)型在2002年也增加了生產(chǎn)和使用，最顯著(zhù)的是底灰和合成石膏。底灰用于筑路、筑堤和結構性填埋場(chǎng)，是砂礫的替代品，也是波特蘭水泥生產(chǎn)的原料。底灰用量從2001年的570萬(wàn)噸增加到760萬(wàn)噸。合成石膏是通過(guò)煙氣脫硫系統生產(chǎn)的，煙氣脫硫系統是工廠(chǎng)空氣排放控制的一部分。合成石膏的主要用途是制作墻板。使用量從2001年的約700萬(wàn)噸增加到780萬(wàn)噸。以百分比計算，2002年底灰及脫硫石膏的使用率上升，是主要原因(即2001年的31.5%至2002年的35.4%)。預計這一趨勢將繼續下去，特別是對合成石膏而言，因為發(fā)電廠(chǎng)繼續增加新的煙氣洗滌系統。行業(yè)預期CCP的生產(chǎn)和使用將在未來(lái)增長(cháng)。許多公司與由美國環(huán)境保護署(Environmental Protection Agency)和美國能源部(Department of Energy)發(fā)起的煤炭燃燒產(chǎn)品伙伴關(guān)系(C2P2)合作，希望為ccp找到新的用途，并識別和減少與增加利用相關(guān)的潛在障礙。ACAA收集的數據代表了公用事業(yè)行業(yè)的自愿響應。This year’s 反應 占 大約 65% 的 investorowned US. 發(fā)電 站數據的平衡是根據美國能源情報署(EIA)收集的信息推斷出來(lái)的，并通過(guò)CCP工業(yè)以外的來(lái)源驗證，如水泥和混凝土的生產(chǎn)和使用，合成石膏和底灰。有些數據，例如不同類(lèi)型的FGD材料、FBC灰和鍋爐爐渣，由于沒(méi)有可供比較的外部來(lái)源，只是簡(jiǎn)單地報告為已收到，而沒(méi)有推斷。

On November 25, 2003 the American Coal Ash Association released the coal combustion product (CCP)  production and use data for calendar year 2002. ACAA is a trade association whose purpose is to advance  the safe and economic utilization of CCPs. ACAA’s membership includes electric utilities, CCP  marketers, and various corporate and university research and development institutions.  

The Association estimates an overall 2002 CCP production total of 128.7 million tons as compared to  117.9 million tons in 2001. This is an extrapolated increase of about 9%. The 2002 figures are estimates  based on a sampling survey of nearly 600 coal-fueled power plants in the U.S. Most of these facilities are  investor-owned utilities. Overall CCP utilization for 2002 is estimated at 45.5 million tons, or 35.4%  compared to 37.1 million tons and 31.5 % for 2001. Total CCP production can vary significantly from  year to year and is influenced by such factors as the total amount of coal burned, ash content of the coal  burned (i.e. different coals sources possess different ash contents and blending may change ash production  rates), and the amount of flue gas treated by scrubber systems.   

On a tonnage basis, fly ash was the largest individual category with 2002 production estimated at 76.5  million tons. Fly ash is collected by equipment (such as electrostatic precipitators and fabric filter bag  houses), which is part of the plant’s air emissions control systems. As in prior years, it contributed the  largest percentage of utilization. For example, fly ash can be substituted for a portion of the portland  cement used in concrete products. Approximately 12.6 million tons was used this way in 2002, up  slightly from 12.4 million tons in 2001. The total fly ash usage for 2002 is estimated at 26.5 million tons  compared to 22.0 million tons in 2001, about a 7% increase. ACAA surveys continue to show that fly ash  usage is increasing notwithstanding a slow economy and a relatively flat construction industry. Possible  explanations for this growth include local material/mineral shortages, improved fly ash quality due to  beneficiation technologies, larger percentages of fly as used in mix-designs, increased usage of fly ash in  soil projects and waste stabilization or a combination of several of these factors. 

 Other CCP types also increased in production and use during 2002, most notably bottom ash and synthetic  gypsum. Bottom ash is used in roadwork, embankments, and structural fills where it is a substitute for  sand and gravel and as raw feedstock for portland cement manufacturing. Bottom ash use increased to 7.6  million tons, up significantly from 5.7 million tons in 2001. Synthetic gypsum is produced by flue gas  desulfurization systems, which are part of a plant’s air emission controls. The primary use of synthetic  gypsum is in the making of wallboard. Usage increased to 7.8 million tons up from approximately 7.0  million in 2001. On a percentage basis, increases in bottom ash and FGD gypsum utilization rates for  2002 account for most of the industry’s upward trend of CCP utilization (i.e. 31.5% in 2001 to 35.4% in  2002). This trend is expected to continue, particularly for synthetic gypsum, as power plants continue to  add new flue gas scrubbing systems. 

 The industry anticipates CCP production and use to grow in the future. Working with the Coal  Combustion Products Partnership (C2P2), sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and the  Department of Energy, many companies hope to find new uses for CCPs and to identify and reduce  potential barriers associated with increased utilization. The data collected by ACAA represents voluntary  responses from the utility industry. This year’s responses account for approximately 65% of the investorowned electric generating stations in the US. The balance of the data is extrapolated from information  gathered by the Energy Information Agency (EIA) and validated by sources outside the CCP industry for  applications such as cement and concrete production and use, synthetic gypsum and bottom ash. Some  data, such as for different types of FGD material, FBC ash and boiler slag, is simply reported as received  and not extrapolated as there are no outside sources to compare.