河南省花生品種產(chǎn)量性狀的遺傳改良

花生學(xué)報2005 34(4)7~11Journal of Peanut Science ,Vol. 34 , No.4 ,2005文章編號:1002 4093( 2005 )04-0007-05河南省花生品種產(chǎn)量性狀的遺傳改良楊海棠'2崔黨群'馬東波( 1.河南農業(yè)大學(xué)河南鄭州450002 2.鄭州市農林科學(xué)研究所河南鄭州450005 ;3.新鄭市農業(yè)局河南新鄭451100 )摘要選用近二十年在河南省推廣的12個(gè)花生品種為試驗材料對花生品種主要性狀的遺傳改良進(jìn)行了研究。結果表明品種的產(chǎn)量及其構成因素得到了明顯的改良。2000 年以后審定的近期品種產(chǎn)量水平有較大提高比早期1994年以前)和中期1995 ~ 1999年)的品種平均增產(chǎn)540 kg/hm2增產(chǎn)幅度達6. 8%。近期品種在單株果重、單株飽果數、百果重和單株有效果數上比中期和早期有極顯著(zhù)地增加500g仁數顯著(zhù)降低產(chǎn)量性狀中只有出仁率和500 g果數變化較小。近期品種的脂肪含量比早期品種有顯著(zhù)和極顯著(zhù)地提高近期品種的蛋白質(zhì)含量比中期品種有所下降比早期品種都有極顯著(zhù)地提高,而且幅度較大。近期品種的株高較中期品種降低4. 9 cm側枝長(cháng)減少4.33 cm總分枝數比前期和中期減少了2個(gè)左右,但結果枝數變化不大。生育期明顯縮短由前期的135 ~ 140 d縮短到近期的120 d左右。近期審定推廣的珍珠豆型品種遠雜9307與早期品種魯花12號相比大多數性狀得到了明顯地改良。從各性狀的遺傳變異系數和改良潛力看單株有效果數、單株飽果數和單株果重的改良幅度較大出仁率、蛋白質(zhì)含量和脂肪含量較小。關(guān)鍵詞花生品種產(chǎn)量性狀品質(zhì)性狀植株性狀遺傳改良中圖分類(lèi)號:565. 203文獻標識碼:AEvolution of Main Traits for Peanut( A. hypogaea L. ) Cultivars in Henan ProvinceYANG Hai-tang'2 , CUI Dang-qun' , MA Dong-bo'( 1. Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou 450002 , China ;2. Zhengzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences ,Zhengzhou 450005 , China 3. Xinzheng Beaura of Agriculture , Xinzheng 451100 , China )Abstract :12 elite released cultivars in the past two decades in Henan province were used to study the evolution of maintraits. The results showed that yield , quality and other traits had been improved greatly for the large or middle size peanutcultivars. Yield of the current cultivars bred after 2000 increased obviously with an average of 540 kg/ha , as compared withthat of the early stage cultivars( before 1994 ) and of the middle stage cultivars( 1995 ~ 1999 ). Pod weight per plant , No.of plump pods per plant，100-pod weight and No. of pods per plant of the current cultivars increased and No. of peanutsper 500g decreased very significantly , but shelling percentage and No. of pods per 500g changed lttle. Compared with theearly stage and the middle stage cultivars , fat percent increased significantly and very significantly ，respectively，and pro-tein percent decreased and increased very significantly , respectively. Plant height of the current cultivars decreased by 4.9cm than that of the middle stage , and branch length decreased by 2.33 cm. No. of branches decreased and No. of bran-ches with pods was the same. The growth time was shortened from 135 ~ 140 days before 1994 to about 120 days after2000. For the small size cultivars , Yuanza 9307 , bred after 2000 , had the advantages over Luhua 12 in most traits. Ac-cording to cofficient of genetic variation and improved potential of dfferent traits ,No. of pods and plump pods and podweight per plant had been improved greatly , and shelling percentage lttle.Key words : peanut ( A. hypogaea L. ) cultivars ; yield traits ; quality traits ; plant traits ; evolution中國煤化工河南省花生種植歷史悠久面積在國內居首位年種植HCNMH二產(chǎn)達2850 kt ,已成為繼小麥和玉米之后的第三大作物面積、總產(chǎn)量占全國的1/5以上小心昌小士工凹四T工)的發(fā)展起著(zhù)重要作用[21。.近五十年來(lái)河南省花生品種經(jīng)歷了五次大更新農藝性狀發(fā)生了明顯變化產(chǎn)量性狀間更加協(xié)調合理產(chǎn)量水平*收稿日期2005-06-30作者簡(jiǎn)介楊海棠( 1964- )女河南鞏義人鄭州市農林科學(xué)研究所副研究員碩士主要從事花生育種研究。8花生學(xué)報34卷不斷提高品質(zhì)性狀有所改善。但是隨著(zhù)社會(huì )的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的改善，對花生品種的要求也越來(lái)越高,從河南省目前推廣的品種來(lái)看品種的類(lèi)型和數量還不能完全滿(mǎn)足不同生態(tài)區生產(chǎn)的需要生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品還不能完全滿(mǎn)足市場(chǎng)的需求品種的產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)、抗病性、穩產(chǎn)性等仍需進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)再加上育種研究起步晚以及基礎研究力量相對薄弱這無(wú)疑為今后的品種改良工作帶來(lái)-定困難。因此總結河南省花生育種取得的成功經(jīng)驗分析品種主要性狀的改良潛力和途徑發(fā)現存在的問(wèn)題提出未來(lái)的發(fā)展方向使河南省花生育種和生產(chǎn)再上一個(gè)新臺階。1材料與方法1.1試驗材料和田間試驗選用近二十年在河南省生產(chǎn)上主推的代表品種12個(gè)(見(jiàn)表1 )其中遠雜9307和魯花12號為珍珠豆型花生品種其余10個(gè)品種均為普通型中大果花生品種根據審定推廣的時(shí)間和在品種更換中的作用將其分為三個(gè)不同時(shí)期近期(2000~2004年)中期(1995~2000年)早期(1986~1994年)。在供試品種中魯花11號和魯花12號為山東省花生研究所選育分別為當前全國北方區春播大粒組區域(生產(chǎn))試驗和小粒組區域(生產(chǎn))試驗對照種,在河南有-定面積的種植。田間試驗于2004年在滎陽(yáng)試驗場(chǎng)進(jìn)行,試驗地為沙壤土,肥力中上等排灌方便。小區面積13. 34 m2完全隨機區組排列三次重復。每穴兩粒種子行距40 cm株距16.7 cm 5行區。全生育期由于雨水充足沒(méi)有澆水沒(méi)有病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生肥料以雞糞30 m^/hm2，配以復合肥525 kg/hm'在播種前一次施入土壤。表1供試花生 品種及基本情況Table 1The information of 12 tested culivars品種審定年份全生育期選育單位品種類(lèi)型時(shí)期Stage系譜PedigreeCultivarRegistered yearGrowth timm( d)Breeding unitType of cultivar鄭花5號魯花3號xPI 9815河南省農科院普通型大)2004120Henan Academy ofZhenghua No. 5Luhua No. 3 xPI 9815Agriculural SciencesNommal( Large )遠雜9307白沙1016x福青珍珠豆型2002108Yuanza 9307Baisha 1016 x FuqingPearl typeAgricultural Sciences濮花16號濮陽(yáng)513x豫花1號.濮陽(yáng)市農科所普通型(大)近期2002 .122Puyang Institute ofPuhua No. 16Puyang 513 x Yuhua No. 1Normnal ( Large )(2000~2004)鄭州市農科所鄭8159-1新城早x69-144普通型(中)Current stageZheng 8159-12001115Xinchengzao x69-144Zhengzhou Institute ofNormal ( Medum )豫花15號PI2 x徐7506-572000Yuhua No. 15PI2 x Xu 7506-57Normal( Large )豫花16號魯花12號x濮花9號普通蝥大)Yuhua No. 16Luhua No. 12 x Puhua No.9豫花8號7410-94-1-1 x豫花1號中期1996Yuhua No. 87410-94-1-1 x Yuhua No. 1(1995~1999)豫花7號開(kāi)封大拖秧x徐州68-4Middle stage199512Yuhua No.7Kaifngdatuoyang x Xuzhou684魯花12號伏花生x魯花1號山東省花生所1994110Shandong PeanutLabua No. 12Fuhuasheng x Lahua No. 1Research Institute早期豫花6號1993105中國煤化工省農科院.( 1986 ~ 194)Yuhua No. 6MHCN M H Gral SoiencesNormal ( Medum)山樂(lè )省花生所魯花11號花28 x徐534-2-1Early stage1992130Luhua No. 11Hua28 x Xu 534-2-1Normal ( Large )?；?號.臨花1號x白沙171河南省農科院認定)1986139Haihua No. 1Linhua No. 1 x Baisha 1711.2農藝性狀和產(chǎn)量性狀的調查4期楊海棠等河南省花生品種產(chǎn)量性狀的遺傳改良9生長(cháng)發(fā)育期間記載出苗期、開(kāi)花期、封行期、成熟期在成熟前10 d每小區取10株有代表性的植株進(jìn)行考種,考查植株性狀包括株高、側枝長(cháng)、總分枝數、結果枝數產(chǎn)量性狀在收獲后隨機取樣室內考種考查項目有單株飽果數、單株有效果數、500 g果數、500g仁數、單株果重、百仁重、百果重、出仁率、莢果產(chǎn)量。1.3品質(zhì)性狀的測定品質(zhì)性狀測定在鄭州市農科所測試中心完成籽仁粗蛋白含量的測定采用凱氏定氮法籽仁粗脂肪含量的測定采用殘余法。1.4統計分析方法對各性狀進(jìn)行方差分析然后采用單個(gè)自由度分析法比較珍珠豆型品種間以及不同時(shí)期普通型品種間各性狀的差異并計算各性狀的改良潛力3A1。2結果與分析15個(gè)性狀的方差分析結果表明各性狀12個(gè)品種間的差異均達到極顯著(zhù)水平,說(shuō)明品種間的差異比較大。通過(guò)對不同時(shí)期品種的單個(gè)自由度比較分析進(jìn)一步 探討各性狀的遺傳規律。2.1產(chǎn)量性狀的遺傳改良不同時(shí)期品種的產(chǎn)量性狀表現和差異顯著(zhù)性測驗結果分別列于表2和表3?？梢钥闯鼋谄贩N的產(chǎn)量水平極顯著(zhù)地高于中期和早期品種,中期和早期品種間無(wú)顯著(zhù)差異,說(shuō)明2000年以后審定的品種產(chǎn)量水平有較大提高比早期和中期品種平均增產(chǎn)540kg/hm2增產(chǎn)幅度為6.8%。進(jìn)一步分析產(chǎn)量性狀的變化規律發(fā)現近期品種.在單株果重、單株飽果數、百果重和單株有效果數上比中期和早期品種有極顯著(zhù)增加單株果重比中期和早期品種分別增加2.25 g和3.10g單株飽果數增加1.19個(gè)和1.39個(gè),百果重增加10.45 g和7.37 g單株有效果數增加2.15個(gè)和1.99個(gè)500g仁數有極顯著(zhù)地降低比中期和早期分別減少51.46個(gè)和84.89個(gè),說(shuō)明產(chǎn)量水平的提高與這些性狀的改良有關(guān)而出仁率和500g果數變化較小說(shuō)明這兩個(gè)性狀沒(méi)有明顯地改進(jìn)。表2不同時(shí)期品種的產(chǎn)量性狀表現Table2 The perfomance of yield traits for the culitivars of diferent stage產(chǎn)量出仁率單株果重單株飽果數百果重百仁重單株有效果數 500g果數 500g仁數品種ShellingPods weight Plump pods100-pod100-peanutPods perPeanutsCultivarsYieldpercentageper plantweightplant500gper 500g( kg)(%)(g)' (個(gè))(個(gè))近期品種6. 0073. 8521. 12205. 80.79. 8314.49317. 94713. 34Current cultivars中期品種5. 2674. 6418. 879.49.195. 3579. 3312. 32319. 50 .764. 80Mid-stage culivars早期品種5. 3072. 6117. 029.29197.4375. 7812. 50318. 67798. 23Early-stage cultivars遠雜9307Yuanz:93075. 9775.7726. 53174. 072. 5023.27359.0791. 70魯花12號Luhual24. 96 .76. 1314. 80，8.70157.765. 33.17.00405. 70964. 70表3不同時(shí)期品種的產(chǎn)量性狀間的差異比較Table 3 Significant test of yield traits between the culitivars of different stage比較百仁重單株有效果數500g 果數500g仁數Pods petPeanulsComparisonspercenlage近期與中期0.74* *-0.79 *2.25* *1. 19**10.45**0.502.17**-1.56-51.46* *Current vs middle近期與早期0.70**1.24*4. 10**1.39**中國煤化工-0.73-84.89**Current v8 early中期與早期-0.04.2.03** 1. 85**0.20**MHCNMHG0.83-33.43**Middle vs early珍珠豆型間1.01** -0. 365.97**16.30**7.17*●6.27**- 46.70**- 173.00**Small size cultivars兩個(gè)珍珠豆型品種除出仁率外其他性狀均有極顯著(zhù)差異近期審定推廣的品種遠雜9307在小區產(chǎn)量、單株果重、單株飽果數、百果重、百仁重和單株有效果數上比早期品種魯花12號有極顯著(zhù)地增加在500g果數和500g仁數上有極顯著(zhù)地降低而且幅度均較大除百果重和百仁重外其他產(chǎn)量性狀均達到或超過(guò)最好的普通型大中果品10花生學(xué)報34卷種,說(shuō)明近期選育出的珍珠豆型品種遠雜9307在產(chǎn)量性狀上有極大的突破。2.2品 質(zhì)性狀的演變.不同時(shí)期品種的品質(zhì)性狀表現和差異顯著(zhù)性測驗結果見(jiàn)表4?？梢钥闯鼋谄贩N的脂肪含量有一定提高 ,比早期品種有顯著(zhù)提高比中期品種有極顯著(zhù)提高分別提高0.92%和0.66%,但與55%的全國攻關(guān)標準仍有較大差距近期品種的蛋白質(zhì)含量比中期品種有所下降比早期品種有極顯著(zhù)地提高而且幅度較大,但與30%的國家攻關(guān)標準還有差距。因此在今后的品種選育過(guò)程中需重視對品質(zhì)性狀的改良。遠雜9307與魯花12號相比脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)含量均有極顯著(zhù)提高尤其是遠雜9307脂肪含量達到54.07%,E接近55%的高油品種標準,說(shuō)明其品質(zhì)性狀也獲得了較大的改進(jìn)。表4不同時(shí) 期品種的品質(zhì)性狀及其差異顯著(zhù)性Table 4 Performance and signifcant test of quality traits between the culitivars of diferent stage性狀近期品種中期品種 早期品種遠雜9307魯花12號近期與中期近期與早期中期與早期珍珠豆型間CurentMid-stage Farly-stageCurrent Vs Current Vs Mid-stage vs Between smallTraitsYuanz89307 Luhual2cultivarscultivars cultivarsmid-stageearly-stage early-stagesize cultivars脂肪含量51.6650.7451.0054.0751.780.920.66*-0.262.29●Fat content蛋白質(zhì)含量27.6828. 8325.63.29. 8428.30-1. I5**2.05**3.20**1.54**Protein content2.3植 株形態(tài)性狀的演變不同時(shí)期品種的植株形態(tài)性狀表現和差異顯著(zhù)性測驗結果列于表5?？梢钥闯?中期品種的株高較高近期和早期品種的株高較低- C者沒(méi)有顯著(zhù)差異。近期品種的株高由中期的53.05 cm降至48. 15 cm側枝長(cháng)由59. 50 cm降至55.17cm株高的降低使品種的抗倒伏能力明顯增強,同時(shí)有利于養分的集中吸收發(fā)揮品種自身的豐產(chǎn)潛力。近期品種的總分枝數比前期和中期減少了2個(gè)左右但結果枝數變化不大表明隨著(zhù)植株的矮化使花生的株型結構日趨合理可以改善群體的透光性能避免由于株高降低而造成群體蔭蔽,從而進(jìn)-步改善光合性能。遠雜9307在株高、側枝長(cháng)、總分枝數和結果枝數等植株性狀上比魯花12號有極顯著(zhù)地增加其中總分枝數和結果枝數的增加幅度較大這可能也是產(chǎn)量水平有較大提高的原因之一。但是,遠雜9307的無(wú)效分枝數較多每株平均達7.13個(gè),而魯花12號只有1.86個(gè)過(guò)多的無(wú)效分枝不僅會(huì )影響合理密植和過(guò)多消耗養分也會(huì )造成小環(huán)境惡化導致病蟲(chóng)害的發(fā)生。表5不同時(shí)期品種植株性狀及其差異顯著(zhù)性Table 5 Performance and significant test of plant traits between the culitivars of diferent stage近期品種中期品種早期品種近期與中期近期與早期中期與早期珍珠 豆型間Mid-stage Early-stageYuanz9307 Luhua12Curent Vs Current Vs Mid-stage vs Between smallmid-stage early-stage early-stage size cultivars主莖高48. 1553.0548.3238.8335.47-4.90**-0.17-4.73**3.36***Plant height側枝長(cháng)55. 1759. 5053.30.45.7042.27-4.33**1.87**6.20**3.43**Branch length總分枝數9. 8910. 1711.39 .16. 23.7. 83-0.28-1.50** -1.22*8.40**Branches結果枝數7.477.007.809.105.970.47-0.33-0.80* *3.13**_Branches pods2.4生 育期的演變成熟期提前是當前花生品種的特點(diǎn)之一。早期品種生中國煤化工如?；?號為139d魯花11號為130d主要是為了適應當時(shí)一年-熟制的需要。為:TCHCNMH(要求中期和近期品種生育期一般在120d左右如豫花15號、豫花16號和鄭8159-1的土月期功在110豫化。虧和鄭花5號在120d豫花7號和濮花16號在122d。珍珠豆型品種遠雜9307和魯花12號比較接近,分別為108d和110d。2.5主要性狀的遺傳參數和改良潛力表6列出了各性狀的遺傳參數和改良潛力。從表6可以看出單株果重、主莖高、側枝長(cháng)、單株有效果數、百果重、小區產(chǎn)量、單株飽果數的遺傳力均在95%以上。根據育種目標對上述性狀直接進(jìn)行選擇效果較好。其次為總4期楊海棠等河南省花生品種產(chǎn)量性狀的遺傳改良11分枝數、結果枝數、出仁率等遺傳力在90% ~95%之間蛋白質(zhì)含量和脂肪含量的遺傳力相對較低在90%以下。單株有效果數的遺傳變異系數( GCV )最大為27.43%其次是單株飽果數、總分枝數和單株果重說(shuō)明這些性狀的遺傳變異較大遺傳改良比較有效而出仁率、脂肪含量、蛋白質(zhì)含量的GCV最小在6%以下其他性狀的GCV處于中間水平。改良潛力也能在-定程度上反映改良的效果[347]。從表中看出單株有效果數、單株飽果數和單株果重的改良潛力較大出仁率、蛋白質(zhì)含量、產(chǎn)量、脂肪含量和側枝長(cháng)較小這與遺傳變異系數的結果基本-致。表6各性狀的遺傳參數和改良潛力Table 6 Genetic parameter and improved potential of each trait遺傳方差環(huán)境方差遺傳力遺傳變異系數改良潛力性狀TraitsEnvironmentalImprovementGenetic varianceHeritabilityGCVvariancepotentiel主莖高Plant height33.241.4395.8812.2213. 85側枝長(cháng)Branch length28.121.4195.249. 908.79總分枝數Branches4. 920.4591.6320.7918. 67結果枝數Branches with pods0. 870.0891.9812.3519.12單株果重Pods weight per plant14.110. 3697.5431.17出仁率Selling percentage4.990.3793.053.024.75單株飽果數Plump pods per plant6.010. 3394.8122. 0635.51百果重100-pod weigh655.862. 2399. 6613.1119.28百仁重100-peanut weight91.340.2499.7412.5620. 99500g果數Pods per 500g1823. 6322.7298.7712.9716.80500g仁數Peanuts per 500g10752. 0363.5599.4113.4620. 66單株有效果數Pods per plant15. 980.1399.2027.4357.31小區產(chǎn)量Yield0.470.0197.1512. 397.61脂肪含量Fat content .3.730.4389.643.758. 62蛋白質(zhì)含量Protein content2. 530. 3986.595.76.6.103結論與討論通過(guò)對近二十年在河南省推廣的12個(gè)花生品種主要性狀的分析發(fā)現品種的產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和植株性狀均得到了明顯的改良。對于普通型大中果品種2000年以后審定的近期品種的產(chǎn)量水平有較大提高,比早期和中期品種平均增產(chǎn)540kg/hm2增產(chǎn)幅度達6.8%。近期品種在單株果重、單株飽果數、百果重和單株有效果數上比中期和早期有極顯著(zhù)地增加,500g仁數有極顯著(zhù)地降低產(chǎn)量性狀中只有出仁率和500g果數變化較小。近期品種的脂肪含量比早期品種有顯著(zhù)地提高比中期品種有極顯著(zhù)地提高近期品種的蛋白質(zhì)含量比中期的有所下降比早期品種有極顯著(zhù)地提高而且幅度較大。近期品種的株高由中期品種的53.05cm降至48.15cm側枝長(cháng)由59.50cm降至55.17cm總分枝數比前期和中期品種減少了2個(gè)左右,但結果枝數變化不大。生育期明顯縮短,由前期的135~140d縮短到近期的120d左右?？梢?jiàn)近期育成的品種株型矮化生育期縮短產(chǎn)量構成因素都有不同程度的提高或保持不變這樣提高了收獲指數,從而提高了光能利用率。脂肪含量的提高顯然是育種工作者根據花生的主要用途作為育種目標進(jìn)行選育的結果。近期審定推廣的珍珠豆型品種遠雜9307與早期品種魯花12號相比,大多數性狀得到了明顯的改良。小區莢果產(chǎn)量、單株果重、單株飽果數、百果重、百仁重和單株有效果數有極顯著(zhù)地增加,500 g果數和500 g仁數有極顯著(zhù)地降低而且幅度均較大除百果重和百仁重外其他產(chǎn)量性狀均達到或超過(guò)最好的普通大中果品種。脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)含量均有極顯著(zhù)地提高尤其是遠雜9307的脂肪含量達到54.07%,已接近高油品種55%的標準。株高、側枝長(cháng)、總分枝數和結果枝數等植株性狀比魯花12號有極顯著(zhù)地增加其中總分枝數和結果枝數的增加幅度較大。這些結果表明近期選育出的遠雜9307是珍珠豆型品種選育的中國煤化工河南是全國的花生大省花生在全省農村經(jīng)濟中占有舉:YHCN M H C多更好的花生新品種花生生產(chǎn)才能持續穩定地向前發(fā)展。面對不斷變化的國際國內巾場(chǎng)化生肯柙⊥作省必須有長(cháng)遠目標和階段目標,并隨時(shí)調整對策確定各時(shí)期的主攻方向。在種質(zhì)資源利用方面注意搜集、鑒定和保存優(yōu)良種質(zhì)資源擴大資源的利用范圍同時(shí)還要不斷創(chuàng )造新的資源材料。在育種方法和手段上，以雜交育種為主輔以遠緣雜交、誘導變異、(下轉24頁(yè))24花生學(xué)報34卷in large gene clusters' 13 . The relative order and transcriptional drection of some of the homologous gene pairs though arenot conserved. Thus far ,most of the genes in the respective clusters have been shown to encode enzymes required fortoxin biosynthesis'l. At least two genes ,aflR and agfUJ , play a regulatory rolel 10].But why these fungi produce sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin ; what effect ,if any , peanut seed capsule have on fungalcontamination ; and how the fungal interconnect with seed capsule are still complex question. To solve these questions , weconduct this experiment and try to find out the special locus in seed capsule , to which A. flavus may attach. The results ofthis experiment was valuable to carry out deep research , especially those function unknown genes should be put much em-phasis on. 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