修訂后的《防污公約》和《國際海運安全公約》規定的行業(yè)危險分類(lèi)方法Industry approach to hazard classification under the revised MARPOL

在過(guò)去兩年中，在國際海事組織（IMO）中發(fā)生了幾項活動(dòng)，以在現有的海上運輸法規的背景下，更系統地考慮固體散貨貨物的危險性評估。固體散裝材料供應商/托運人需要遵守兩項相關(guān)條例：?《國際防止船舶污染公約》，其目的是防止對海洋環(huán)境的污染。?國際海上固體散裝貨物（IMSBC）規則，其目的是確保固體散裝貨物的安全運輸。根據《防污公約》關(guān)于防止船舶垃圾污染的附件五，海事組織采用了新的分類(lèi)標準，以便能夠查明對海洋環(huán)境有害的物質(zhì)。自2013年1月1日起，托運人負責使用特定的環(huán)境分類(lèi)標準評估和申報貨物是否對海洋環(huán)境有害。此外，必須在2015年1月1日前評估具體的健康標準。由于上述變化，當貨物被列為對海洋環(huán)境有害的物質(zhì)時(shí)，不再允許將某些貨物的殘余物排放入海。對于此類(lèi)貨物，含有HME殘留物的干殘留物和/或沖洗水必須在足夠的港口接收設施處排放。根據IMSBC準則，IMO還引入了新的分類(lèi)標準，以識別僅散裝危險品（MHB）?！斗牢酃s》附件五和《國際海洋生物安全公約》準則下用于界定海洋環(huán)境的新標準取自聯(lián)合國全球統一分類(lèi)標簽制度（GHS）。此外，對影響散裝貨物運輸的要求，聯(lián)合國GHS正逐步通過(guò)其取代現有分類(lèi)系統的國家。國際金屬和采礦理事會(huì )建議，所有托運人，包括煤炭托運人，應評估其貨物是否符合任何新的標準，并在必要時(shí)更新貨運單據，說(shuō)明已查明的危險。鑒于上述監管發(fā)展和建議所有貨物均應根據新標準進(jìn)行評估，世界煤炭協(xié)會(huì )（WCA）的任務(wù)是通過(guò)提供以下三項可交付成果，協(xié)助其成員遵守國際海事組織的新規則：?MARPOL和IMSBC合規要求摘要關(guān)于煤炭貨物的法規?全面審查煤炭的化學(xué)性質(zhì)，包括鑒定煤炭、元素、礦物中的有機和無(wú)機化合物，以及與GHS分類(lèi)標準相關(guān)的物理特性?煤炭生產(chǎn)商遵守MARPOL和IMSBC規范的指南?？山桓段锸怯梢患覍?zhuān)門(mén)從事環(huán)境毒理學(xué)的咨詢(xún)公司阿奇生產(chǎn)的。方法在世界煤炭協(xié)會(huì )成員之間分發(fā)了一份數據查詢(xún)文件，要求提供以下方面的信息：?不同類(lèi)型煤（褐煤、亞煙煤、無(wú)煙煤等）的化學(xué)成分、地理來(lái)源和不同成分的百分比。指出不同煤種的理化性質(zhì)應盡可能詳細。?關(guān)于特定元素/化合物溶解度的信息（金屬的轉化/溶解協(xié)議（T/DP）試驗數據，有機化合物的含水率（WAF）。需要指出的是，上述數據只有在與這些溶解度試驗中使用的煤的成分一起提供時(shí)才有用。煤樣品的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)實(shí)驗結果。理想情況下，觀(guān)察到的（無(wú)）效應可能與這些實(shí)驗中使用的煤樣的已知成分有關(guān)。如果煤炭樣本僅用于水暴露（即魚(yú)類(lèi)、藻類(lèi)、無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的急性試驗），則對試驗介質(zhì)的化學(xué)分析可提供有用信息，將觀(guān)察到的效應與特定化合物的濃度水平聯(lián)系起來(lái)。?現有出版物（行業(yè)論文，公共領(lǐng)域的出版物）關(guān)于煤的組成、煤的溶解性和（生物）煤和煤化合物的可用性，哺乳動(dòng)物對煤的毒性數據，煤對水生生物的生態(tài)毒理。公共領(lǐng)域的文獻是通過(guò)科學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò )數據庫確定的。該數據庫提供了對ISI引文數據庫廣泛集合的基于網(wǎng)絡(luò )的訪(fǎng)問(wèn)?！犊茖W(xué)引文索引》涵蓋了數千種期刊，提供了完整的書(shū)目數據以及對世界范圍內廣泛的科學(xué)和技術(shù)學(xué)科文獻的引文。

Over the past two years, there have been several activities taking place within the International  Maritime Organization (IMO) to develop a more systematic consideration of hazard assessment  for solid bulk cargoes in the context of existing maritime transport codes. There are two relevant regulations that suppliers/shippers of solid bulk materials need to comply  with:? International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), which has  the objective of preventing pollution of the marine environment. ? International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code, which has the objective of  ensuring safe transport of solid bulk cargoes. Under MARPOL Annex V on the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, the IMO introduced  new classification criteria to enable identification of substances harmful to the marine  environment (HME). Since 1 January 2013, shippers are responsible for assessing and declaring  whether cargoes are harmful to the marine environment using specific environmental classification  criteria. In addition, specific health criteria must be assessed by 1 January 2015. As a result of the above changes, the discharge of residues of certain cargoes into the sea will no  longer be allowed when the cargo is classified as a substance harmful to the marine environment.  For such cargoes the dry residues and/or the wash water that contains residues from an HME must  be discharged at adequate port reception facilities. Under the IMSBC Code, the IMO also introduced new classification criteria to identify materials  hazardous only in bulk (MHB). The new criteria used to define HME under MARPOL Annex V and  MHB under the IMSBC Code are taken from the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification  and Labelling (GHS). Further to requirements impacting on the shipping of bulk cargoes, the UN  GHS is progressively being adopted by countries where it is replacing existing classification  systems. It was recommended by the International Council on Metals and Mining (ICMM) that all shippers,  including shippers of coal, should assess whether their cargoes meet any of the new criteria and, if necessary, update the shipping documents specifying the identified hazards. Given the above  regulatory developments and the recommendation that all cargoes should be assessed according  to the new criteria, the World Coal Association (WCA) was tasked with assisting its members in  complying with the new IMO rules by providing the following three deliverables: ? summary of compliance requirements of MARPOL and the IMSBC Code with respect to coal  cargoes ? comprehensive review of the chemical properties of coal, including the identification of  organic and inorganic compounds in coal, elements, minerals, as well as physical properties  of relevance to GHS classification criteria ? guidance for coal producers for achieving compliance under MARPOL and IMSBC Code. The deliverables are produced by ARCHE, a consultancy specializing in environmental toxicology.   Approach  A data inquiry document was distributed among the members of the WCA requesting available  information in the following areas: ? Chemical composition of different types of coal (brown coal, (sub-)bituminous coal,  anthracite, etc.), their geographic origins and percentages of the different constituents. It  was specified that the physical-chemical characterization of different coals should be as  detailed as possible.  ? Information on the solubility of specific elements/compounds (Transformation/Dissolution  Protocol (T/DP) test data for metals, Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) of organic  compounds). It was noted that the above data were only useful when provided in  conjunction with the composition of the coals used in these solubility experiments.  ? Results of ecotoxicological experiments with coal samples. Ideally, the observed (no-)  effects can be related to the known composition of the coal sample that was used in these  experiments. Where coal samples are used in water-only exposures (i.e. acute tests with  fish, algae, invertebrates), chemical analysis of the testing media can provide useful  information to link observed effects with concentration levels of specific compounds.? Available publications (industry papers, publications in the public domain) on the following  topics: o composition of coal, properties of coal o solubility and (bio-)availability of coal and coal compounds  o mammalian toxicity data for coal o ecotoxicology of coal to aquatic organisms. Literature in the public domain was identified through the Web of Science database. This database  provides web-based access to an extensive collection of ISI citation databases. The Science  Citation Index, covering several thousands of journals, provides complete bibliographic data plus  citations to worldwide literature across a wide range of scientific and technological disciplines.