我們正處于這樣一個(gè)時(shí)刻：我們需要更好、更公平、更聰明和更清潔的政府政策，以建立能源系統，使我們迅速轉向零排放途徑。這份報告詳細說(shuō)明了當前全球政府對化石燃料消費者和生產(chǎn)商的補貼（2015年約為4250億美元）阻礙我們實(shí)現可持續發(fā)展和建設21世紀所需的可持續能源系統的原因和方式。對礦物燃料的補貼是各國政府支持實(shí)現可持續發(fā)展目標的巨大和持續喪失的機會(huì )：相當于填補可持續能源獲取資金缺口所需資金的一半；相當于基礎教育資金缺口所需資金的11倍；相當于基礎醫療保健缺口的13倍；三倍于對可再生能源的同等補貼；以及22倍于目前的適應和應對氣候變化的資金。這份報告從經(jīng)濟、社會(huì )保護和福利、醫療保健、教育、空氣污染和性別等多個(gè)角度概述了化石燃料補貼是政府無(wú)法再忽視的一項成本?；剂涎a貼還通過(guò)壓低化石燃料價(jià)格，從而鼓勵更大的生產(chǎn)和消費，從而促進(jìn)碳排放，從而有助于氣候變化。研究估計，取消所有化石燃料補貼將導致到2050年全球碳排放量減少6.4%至8.2%。在《巴黎協(xié)定》簽署之前，為20個(gè)國家的北歐部長(cháng)理事會(huì )進(jìn)行的國家一級研究發(fā)現，到2020年，全國平均減排11%，達到平均減排18%，同時(shí)將30%的儲蓄換成可再生能源和能源效率。據估計，在對礦物燃料采用財政手段（即補貼改革和適當稅收）的情況下，全球減排可能進(jìn)一步提高到20%。過(guò)去30年的數據顯示，如果我們取消對化石燃料的政府補貼，全球排放量將比2010年實(shí)際減少三分之一以上。因此，本報告概述了各國政府需要如何關(guān)閉對石油、天然氣和煤炭的補貼，但也需要啟動(dòng)對可再生能源和能源效率的大規模投資，以及其他更具生產(chǎn)力的投資，如針對窮人或健康和教育的現金安全網(wǎng)。各國需要進(jìn)行互換。北歐國家已經(jīng)開(kāi)始從化石燃料補貼轉向政府對熱泵（如瑞典）、電動(dòng)汽車(chē)（如挪威）和風(fēng)電（如丹麥）的支持?；Q是指各國進(jìn)行化石燃料補貼改革，并將由此節省的部分資金用于可持續能源和發(fā)展。這是一個(gè)巨大的和迫切需要的想法，在一個(gè)資源稀缺的時(shí)代和一個(gè)正在經(jīng)歷氣候變化的星球。一個(gè)例子是逐步取消柴油補貼，同時(shí)對太陽(yáng)能農業(yè)泵進(jìn)行投資，以取代昂貴的柴油泵；取消天然氣補貼，同時(shí)對工業(yè)能效進(jìn)行巨額投資；改革煤炭補貼，將儲蓄和支持轉向可再生能源；或者取消汽油補貼和投資建設有針對性的國家安全網(wǎng)計劃。埃塞俄比亞、菲律賓、秘魯和摩洛哥等國已經(jīng)開(kāi)始做出這種轉變。本報告概述了目前正在進(jìn)行改革的四個(gè)國家的全部門(mén)辦法：孟加拉國、印度尼西亞、摩洛哥和贊比亞。所有經(jīng)濟體都需要這樣一種互換，對中國和美國的互換建議也包括在內，其重點(diǎn)是將儲蓄轉移到公正的轉型和能源效率上。2015年的巴黎協(xié)議對每個(gè)人都是一個(gè)重要的信號。然而，現在需要開(kāi)展大規模的政府改革工作，同時(shí)轉向零碳和可持續能源基礎設施項目——大規模取消化石燃料補貼，啟動(dòng)支持可再生能源和能效的政府政策。全球互換。全球變化。我們所有人都需要盡快交換。
We are at a point when we need better, fairer, smarter and cleaner government policies to build energy systems to rapidly redirect us toward zero emissions pathways. This report details why and how current global government subsidies to consumers and producers of fossil fuels – of around USD 425 billion in 2015 – hold us back from delivering sustainable development and building the sustainable energy systems needed in the 21st Century. Subsidies to fossil fuels represent massive and ongoing lost opportunities for governments to support the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals: representing half the amount needed to plug the sustainable energy access finance gap; 11 times more than needed for the basic education finance gap; 13 times more than the basic health care gap; three times more than the equivalent subsidies to renewables; and a massive 22 times more than current financing toward adaptation and resilience to climate change. This report outlines how fossil fuel subsidies are a cost that governments can no longer afford to ignore from many perspectives, including economic, social protection and welfare; health care; education; air pollution; and gender. Fossil fuel subsidies also contribute toward climate change by depressing the price of fossil fuels and thereby encouraging greater production and consumption – and thus carbon emissions. Research estimates that the removal of all fossil fuel subsidies would lead to a global decrease in carbon emissions of between 6.4–8.2 per cent by 2050. Country-level research undertaken for the Nordic Council of Ministers across 20 countries prior to the Paris Agreement found a national average of 11 per cent reduction by 2020, rising to an average 18 per cent reduction combined with a SWAP of 30 per cent of savings toward renewable energy and energy efficiency. It is estimated that with the combination of fiscal instruments applied to fossil fuels (i.e., subsidy reform and appropriate taxation) global emissions reductions could improve further still to a 20 per cent reduction. Data over the last 30 years suggests that, had we switched off government subsidies to fossil fuels, global emissions would have been more than a third lower than they actually were in 2010. Therefore, this report outlines how governments need to switch off subsidies to oil, gas and coal, but also need to switch on massive investments into renewables and energy efficiency and other more productive investments such as targeted cash safety nets for the poor or for health and education. Countries need to make a SWAP. Nordic countries have started this shift away from fossil fuel subsidies and toward government support to heat pumps as in Sweden, electric cars as in Norway and wind power in Denmark. A SWAP is where countries undergo fossil fuel subsidy reform and allocate some of the resulting savings toward sustainable energy and development. It is a huge and desperately needed idea in an age of scarce resources and a planet undergoing climate change. One example would be gradual removal of diesel subsidies with a parallel investment into solar agriculture pumps that can replace expensive diesel ones; a removal of gas subsidies alongside a huge investment into industrial energy efficiency; reform of coal subsidies with a shift of savings and support toward renewable energy; or a removal of gasoline subsidies and investment in building targeted national safety net schemes. Countries such as Ethiopia, The Philippines, Peru, and Morocco have started to make this shift. This report outlines SWAPs for four countries that are all currently undergoing reform: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. Such a SWAP is needed for all economies, and SWAP suggestions for China and the United States are also included with a focus of savings moved toward a just transition and energy efficiency. The 2015 Paris Agreement was an important signal to everyone. However, the work of implementing large-scale government reforms and a parallel redirection toward zero carbon and sustainable energy infrastructure projects is now needed – a massive switching off of fossil fuels subsidies and a switching on of government policies to support renewables and energy efficiency. A global SWAP. A global shift. All of us need to make the SWAP and make it soon.
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