會(huì )話(huà)分析與聽(tīng)力理解

第22卷第5期紹興文理學(xué)院學(xué)報Vol.22 No.52002年10月JOURNAL OF SHAOXING UNTIVERSITYOct .2002會(huì )話(huà)分析與聽(tīng)力理解倪秀英(紹興文理學(xué)院外國語(yǔ)學(xué)院 ,浙江紹興 312000)摘要:聽(tīng)力理解中有很多題目牽涉到話(huà)語(yǔ)分析能力。對這些題目,學(xué)生往往注意字面內容,而忽視其內在的含義。文章通過(guò)分析會(huì )話(huà)題中較常出現的各種題型,探討其蘊涵的理論根據,以提高學(xué)生聽(tīng)力理解能力。關(guān)鍵詞:話(huà)語(yǔ);會(huì )話(huà)含義;聽(tīng)力教學(xué)中圍分類(lèi)號:H319.9文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1008 - 293X(2002)05 - 0108 - 04奧斯汀(Austin. How to Do Things with Words. 1962)和塞爾勒(Searle. Speech Acts. 1969) 提出了言語(yǔ)行為理論(speech act theory)。他們認為,語(yǔ)言不僅僅是給予信息和描寫(xiě)事物,還用于“做事”(language is notonly used to inform or describe things, it is ofen used to" do things"，to perform acts)。 他們還認為話(huà)語(yǔ)(discourse)中包含三種行為,即言中行為(locutionary act)、 言外行為(illocutionary act)和言后行為( perlocutionary act)。語(yǔ)言的生命在于話(huà)語(yǔ),人們在交際的過(guò)程中離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)言,即離不開(kāi)話(huà)語(yǔ)。對話(huà)是人們日常生活中獲取語(yǔ)言信息的基本手段之一- , 屬于交際語(yǔ)言的范疇,涉及日常生活的方方面面。言談是在- -定的社會(huì )語(yǔ)境中產(chǎn)生的,要使人們用言談達到互相理解和溝通的目的,必須正確理解話(huà)語(yǔ)中的三種行為,特別是言外行為。然而由于受--定的語(yǔ)境限制和其他因素的干擾,人們在交際中往往引起誤解。這就要求對話(huà)的雙方特別是聽(tīng)話(huà)者能夠根據當時(shí)的語(yǔ)境推斷出話(huà)語(yǔ)中的真正的含義。著(zhù)名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家H.D.CGrice把這種隱含在話(huà)語(yǔ)中的意義定義為“會(huì )話(huà)含義”。在聽(tīng)力理解中,這種話(huà)語(yǔ)分析尤其重要。在聽(tīng)力對話(huà)測試部分,話(huà)語(yǔ)分析題占了很大比重。因此，用話(huà)語(yǔ)分析來(lái)幫助提高學(xué)生在這方面的應試技巧就十分必要。1聽(tīng)力理解中話(huà)語(yǔ)分析題常用提問(wèn)方式What does the man/ woman imply?What can be inferred (concluded) from the conversation?What does the man/ woman mean?What can we leam about the man/ woman?What had the woman/ man( previously) assumed?例1 A) She wants him to spend some time with his friends .B) She sympathizes with him.C) He should work harder than ever.D) She doesn't want to give him a hand.錄音原文:M:I know I'm going to fail the exam. It' s not that I haven' t worked . This term I' ve done nothing but sit in thelibrary.W: In fact you' ve been most unfriendly.Q: What does the woman imply?在此例中, woman的言中行為是The man hasn't been中國煤化工或言外之意是: Heshould spend some time with his friends.因此A)是正確的。YHCNMHG收稿日期:2002-01-14 .作者簡(jiǎn)介:倪秀英(1969-).女,浙江上虞人,紹興文理學(xué)院外國語(yǔ)學(xué)院講師。第5期倪秀英:會(huì )話(huà)分析與聽(tīng)力理解109例2 A) He thinks the chairs should be replaced by new ones.B) They should keep the chairs the rest of their lives .C) The woman should not complain about their life .D) They should move to another place.錄音原文:W: Mark, we' ve had these chairs since we got maried. They are very confortable. .M: That doesn't mean we've got to have them the rest of our lives. Anyway they' re flling apat.Q: What conclusion does the man want us to make from his statement?在此例中,man的言中行為是我們沒(méi)必要一生都保留這些椅子,而且它們快散架了。而他的言外行為或言外之意是他們應該買(mǎi)-.些新的。因此A)是正確的。例3 A) He doesn't want to go to lunch either.B) He is now a widower.C) He has made another appointment.D) He is a successful businessman.W: David, if Mary doesn't want to go to lunch, we don’t have to.M: She'll be fine. Remember, I haven' t dated anyone else since her mother died.This is a lttle difficult for her. Are you ready to go?Q: What have you leamed about the man?在此例中, man的言中行為是:自從孩子的母親死后,他還沒(méi)與人約會(huì )過(guò)。這表明他是位鰥夫。因此B)是正確的。2會(huì )話(huà)分析的依據2.1 會(huì )話(huà)含意理論著(zhù)名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家HD. Grice指出，話(huà)語(yǔ)的意義分為自然意義和非自然意義。也就是話(huà)語(yǔ)的字面意義(Literal Meaing) 和會(huì )話(huà)含義(Conversational Implicature )。他在1975 年進(jìn)-步提出了合作原則( CooperativePrinciple)"1):Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted pur-pose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged .根據Grice的合作原則，要求交際雙方相互合作,使交際成功。因此，對話(huà)的雙方須遵循量的準則(Quantity Maxim)、質(zhì)的準則( Quality Maxim) 、關(guān)系準則( Relation Maxim)以及方式準則(Manner Maxim)(2]。但是,在實(shí)際的交際情形中,違背上述準則的情況時(shí)有發(fā)生,這就造成了理解的困難,阻礙了交際的順利進(jìn)行。就關(guān)系準則而言,要求話(huà)語(yǔ)交際者的講話(huà)要有關(guān)聯(lián)。W: Do you think we should invite Peter over for dinner?M: His mother' s here for a visit.上述對話(huà)中,Man的回答似乎與Woman的問(wèn)題不相關(guān),違反了關(guān)聯(lián)原則,隱含話(huà)語(yǔ)的真正含義是Man認為“Peterwillbeunabletocome."因此,在做聽(tīng)力會(huì )話(huà)題時(shí),如果發(fā)現講話(huà)人在話(huà)語(yǔ)中故意違反了合作原.則,聽(tīng)者就必須根據語(yǔ)境推斷出說(shuō)話(huà)人表面違反合作原則的目的,推斷出說(shuō)話(huà)人在話(huà)語(yǔ)中有意超越字面意義的隱含意義。此外,Grice的禮貌原則(BePolite)提出人們在言語(yǔ)交際時(shí)故意違反上述四個(gè)準則,有時(shí)是出于禮貌的需要,故意轉彎抹角,不愿坦誠相告。Geoffrey Leech 在1983發(fā)中國煤化工- 步的闡述,在此不再展開(kāi)?？傊?了解-定的會(huì )話(huà)含義理論,可以幫助聽(tīng)者知:YHCNM HC章法可循。2.2語(yǔ) 篇分析( discourse analysis) 的基本概念話(huà)語(yǔ)的-切分析活動(dòng)都是在語(yǔ)境的基礎上展開(kāi)的。話(huà)語(yǔ)分析中的語(yǔ)境特征的分類(lèi)主要有:發(fā)話(huà)者、受話(huà)者、話(huà)題、背景(言語(yǔ)事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn))、交際渠道(人與人之間傳遞信息的途徑和方法,主要指言.110紹興文理學(xué)院學(xué)報(哲學(xué)社會(huì )科學(xué)版)第22卷語(yǔ)和文字)、語(yǔ)碼(ode)等等。此外, 分析話(huà)語(yǔ)的上下文(co - tx)也是很重要的環(huán)節。下面舉幾例以說(shuō)明:例1分析發(fā)話(huà)者、受話(huà)者、話(huà)題:錄音原文:w: Ican see you've had quite a life. You must be very happy .M: well... my friends are all dead you see. And relatives. And there is no one to look after me they say.Q: What have you leamed about the man?此例中,發(fā)話(huà)者指出受話(huà)者生活很幸福(happy),而受話(huà)者則說(shuō)“My friends are all dead you see . And rela-tives.there is no oneto lok after.“他們討論的話(huà)題是生活(ife),我們可從中推斷出“He is veryold.'例2分析背景:w: I want some wring paper. And have you got any air - mail envelopes?M: Yes, maedam. How many would you like? We have packets of 25 or 50.Q: Where does this conversation most probably take place?上文中,witing paper, air - mail envelopes, packets of 25 or 50這些信息使我們得出結論為對話(huà)是在商店里(shop)發(fā)生的。例3分析交際渠道:W: So what' s new with you，Tom?M: well, I meta really nice woman. She works with my sister. We' ve been going out for a couple of monthsnow and, well, things look good,Q: What is the man talking about?從上文的交際渠道分析,這個(gè)男的是在談?wù)撍呐笥?ifriend)。2.3對話(huà)者的 意圖人們用言語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際,具有一定的目的性。在對話(huà)中,對話(huà)的-方可能請求對方幫助,或向對方提出建議或征求對方對某- - 事物的意見(jiàn)等等;而另- 方也許表示同意,或許拒絕,并作出相應的解釋。因此在聽(tīng)力測試中,學(xué)生要注意情景與對話(huà)語(yǔ)義的整體理解,抓住關(guān)鍵信息,領(lǐng)悟對話(huà)的意圖。這是提高話(huà)語(yǔ)分析能力的關(guān)鍵。這須從以下幾方面著(zhù)手:注意說(shuō)話(huà)人的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調,有些反語(yǔ)是通過(guò)語(yǔ)調來(lái)表示的。注意句中的-些轉折詞,如:but, although, unfortunately 等,絕大部分正確答案都在轉折詞之后。例1:轉折詞M: Hi, Jane. This is Paul. I've got a couple of tickets for the fashion show. Would you like to go tonigh!?W: I'd love to. But my paper is due tomorrow.Q: What is the woman probably going to do tonight?很顯然，選擇項C:Workonherpaper是正確的。注意一些常用句式。如虛擬語(yǔ)氣結構,表示與現在或過(guò)去事實(shí)相反:I wish the exam were cancelled! Ifonly we had scored one more point! If my car had been repaired, 1 would be happy to lend it to you. Had I known .your address,I would have called on you immediately after I arrived .例2:虛擬語(yǔ)氣結構中國煤化工MHCNMHGM: I had to have Mr. Sloan come over and adjust my TV again last night.w: Maybe it's not your set. IfI were you, I' d have someone else to check it out.Q: What does the woman think the man should do?第5期倪秀英:會(huì )話(huà)分析與聽(tīng)力理解111在此類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣結構中答案往往在主句中，即:I' d have someone else to check it out.又如一些表示費成的句式:0nly if he'd pospone the exam! You can say that again. Iagree. I'llsay.I'mfor it. Of course/Sure. That's just what I was thinking. Why not? etc. 表示否定的句式:In no way. By no means.At no time. On mo acount. Under no circumstances. Not at al Not in the least. Definitely not.表示強調的句式:So you have heard her play. So she has fnished them. So he has graded it (my term paper). Then he does have hiscar.(其提問(wèn)形式往往是What had the man /woman previously assumned?).例3:否定句式錄音原文:w: I don't think you quite apreciate the way we do things here. You are, if 1 may say SO, a stranger.M: Thank you, but it's by no means my first trip to the Middle East. .Q: What have you leamed about the man?結論顯而易見(jiàn):He has been to the Middle East more than once .此外,由于聽(tīng)的過(guò)程,較其他技能而言,是一個(gè)被動(dòng)的過(guò)程。聽(tīng)者必須在較短的時(shí)間內,對有限的信息作出準確快速的反映，因此僅僅掌握-些聽(tīng)力策略是不夠的,還應涉獵更多的文化背景知識和語(yǔ)言知識。后者在會(huì )話(huà)題中時(shí)有反映。如:M: The Student Club is planning a Chinese Speech Competition during the Chinese New Year. How about gttingsome help from the school authority?w: Good. That will get the ball rling.Q: What does the woman mean?由于學(xué)生對這一- 表達“get the ball rlin" 較為陌生,在練習時(shí)此題的答對率較低。正確答案應是:“School authority' s help will get the competition to start .因此教師在此應作為--個(gè)引導者,幫助學(xué)生搜集慣用的語(yǔ)言表達和文化背景知識，這對提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力理解水平將大有裨益。話(huà)語(yǔ)分析是一門(mén)博大精深的學(xué)問(wèn),本文舉了在聽(tīng)力理解話(huà)語(yǔ)分析題中較常見(jiàn)的一- 些例子。分析這些例子的目的是透過(guò)語(yǔ)言的表層現象來(lái)探究其內涵,從而使學(xué)生在聽(tīng)力理解時(shí)可借助這些知識提高聽(tīng)力理解水平，達到事半功倍的效果。參考文獻:(u]illian Brown,Ceorge Yule . Discourse Analysis[M]. Cambridge Univesity Pess,19893 .31.[2]何自然。語(yǔ)用學(xué)與英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,1995.Discourse Analysis and Listening ComprehensionNi Xiuying(Dept. of Foreign Languges, Shaoxing Univesity, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000)Abstract:There are a lot of conversation questions in lstening comprehension that need discourse analysis . Students often focus onthe lieal meaning of sentences and ignore their convrsatinaol inplicature . This paper atempts to analye typical convesation questions inlseing comprehension and discuss the eoresponding theory in the hope of helping students to impove the comprehension biiy.Key words:discourse; coaversational implicature; teaching of listening中國煤化工MHCNMHG