生物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)上的應用

第41卷第2期西北農林科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版)VoL 41 No. 22013年2月Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat. Sci. Ed.)Feb.2013網(wǎng)絡(luò )出版時(shí)間:201301-1416:13網(wǎng)絡(luò )出版地址http://www.cnkinet/kcms/detail/61.1390.s.20130114.1613.015.html生物厲炭在農業(yè)上的應用陳心想,耿增超(西北農林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院陜西楊凌712100)[摘要]生物質(zhì)炭是由生物質(zhì)在完全或部分缺氧的條件下經(jīng)過(guò)熱裂解、炭化產(chǎn)生的一類(lèi)高度芳香化、難溶性的固態(tài)物質(zhì)。近年來(lái),生物質(zhì)炭作為土壤改良劑、肥料緩釋載體在農業(yè)上的應用越來(lái)越廣泛。為促進(jìn)生物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)上的研究及應用,從生物質(zhì)炭性質(zhì)的影響因素,生物質(zhì)炭對土壤物理性質(zhì)、化學(xué)性質(zhì)和微生物的影響,以及生物質(zhì)炭對作物生長(cháng)和產(chǎn)量的影響等方面進(jìn)行了闡述和分析,并提出未來(lái)生物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)應用方面的研究方向。[關(guān)鍵詞]生物質(zhì)炭;影響因素;土壤性質(zhì);作物生長(cháng)[中圖分類(lèi)號]S156.2[文獻標志碼]A[文章編號]1671-9387(2013)02-0167-08Application of biochar in agricultureCHEN Xin-xiang, GENG Zeng-chaoCollege of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China)Abstract: Biochar is an insoluble solid matter with high aromatization produced by biomass pyrolysisin completely or partially hypoxic conditions. In recent years, biochar is widely used in agriculture as a soilamendment and controlled-release carrier for fertilizers. In order to boost the study and utilization of bio-char in agriculture, this study summarized the factors that affect properties of biochar and its effects on soilohysical and chemical properties, amount of microorganisms in soil, and growth and yields of crops. The fu-ture research issues were also suggesteKey words: biochar; influence factors; soil properties; crop growth我國是一個(gè)農業(yè)大國,年產(chǎn)作物秸稈8×108t來(lái),用生物質(zhì)熱裂解生產(chǎn)生物質(zhì)炭已成為農業(yè)研究以上,而以作物秸稈為主的廣泛存在的生物質(zhì)的熱點(diǎn)之一,而且由于在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中消耗了大量生( biomass)是制備生物質(zhì)炭( biochar)的主要原料。物質(zhì)資源,因此生物質(zhì)炭有助于我國龐大的秸稈資生物質(zhì)炭是由生物質(zhì)在完全或部分缺氧的條件下經(jīng)源的有效利用。熱裂解、炭化產(chǎn)生的一類(lèi)高度芳香化、難溶性的固態(tài)目前,全球對生物質(zhì)炭科學(xué)研究的重視,源于對物質(zhì)2。根據原料的來(lái)源不同,生物質(zhì)炭分為木炭、巴西亞馬遜盆地中部黑土( Terra preta de indio)的竹炭、秸稈炭、稻殼炭、動(dòng)物糞便炭等4。通常認認識黑土是古人類(lèi)刀耕火種形成的一種特殊的肥為,生物質(zhì)炭屬于黑炭( black carbon)范疇的一種,沃土壤,至今仍是全球最肥沃的土壤之一。然而,在而黑炭包含了生物質(zhì)略微炭化到燃燒后黑煙顆粒的世紀80年代以后,全球對生物質(zhì)炭的性質(zhì),以及炭化物質(zhì),其對全球碳循環(huán)所起作用較大5。近年將其用作土壤改良劑及固碳劑的研究才相繼展開(kāi)。[收稿日期]2012-05-31[基金項目]林業(yè)局“948”項目“林果木生物質(zhì)綜合轉化技術(shù)引進(jìn)”(2009464);農業(yè)部“948”項目“生物炭技術(shù)引進(jìn)及消化”(2010Z19);陜西省自然科學(xué)基礎研究計劃項目(2010JM5004);陜西省攻及施用技術(shù)研究”(2010K02-12-1)中國煤化工[作者簡(jiǎn)介]陳心想(1986-),女,山東臨沂人,在讀碩土,主要從事廢棄生物質(zhì)肥E-mail:xinxiang20073975@163.comCNMHG[通信作者]耿增超(1963-),男,陜西韓城人,教授,主要從事森林土壤及農業(yè)廢棄物轉化研究。Emal; gengzengchao@126l68西北農林科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版)第41卷目前,生物質(zhì)炭作為一項低碳產(chǎn)品常被用作碳匯劑,性質(zhì)2)。如闊葉樹(shù)和針葉樹(shù)的凋落物經(jīng)高溫熱解為減緩全球氣候變化做出了重要貢獻,而且為廢制成的生物質(zhì)炭,灰分含量分別為6.38%和棄生物質(zhì)利用、生物能源生產(chǎn)、土壤改良培肥、肥料1.48%,闊葉樹(shù)凋落物制備的生物質(zhì)炭中的養分如創(chuàng )新、溫室氣體減排等提出了綜合解決方案,從而引Ca、Mg、K含量要比針葉樹(shù)的高,將二者施入土壤起了人們極大的興趣。后改善土壤pH和陽(yáng)離子交換量的效果不同23。國內外在生物質(zhì)炭對土壤肥力和作物生長(cháng)的影生物質(zhì)原料還影響生物質(zhì)炭的pH。由于畜禽糞便響方面開(kāi)展了廣泛研究,并取得許多進(jìn)展1,已經(jīng)灰分含量往往很高,因此制成的生物質(zhì)炭pH比木擴展到了生態(tài)系統高度。生物質(zhì)炭常被用作土炭或秸稈炭的高,400℃下家禽糞便炭的pH為壤改良劑213,可以改善土壤性質(zhì),促進(jìn)養分吸收,9.22,而木炭pH為7.6721。生物質(zhì)炭還具有發(fā)從而提高作物產(chǎn)量,滿(mǎn)足我國對糧食不斷增長(cháng)的消達的孔隙結構和巨大的比表面積,其大小與生物質(zhì)費需求。生物質(zhì)炭施入土壤后不僅能夠提高養分利原料的種類(lèi)有關(guān)。據日本學(xué)者報道,采用850℃將用率、減少養分淋失,還可以緩解由養分淋失而引起竹材和椰子殼炭化1h后,竹炭比表面積為370的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。此外,生物質(zhì)炭還可以作為吸附劑m2/g,而椰子殼炭則為410m2/g23。以消除農業(yè)污染。有研究結果表明,生物質(zhì)炭可以生物質(zhì)炭的產(chǎn)量在很大程度上受熱解過(guò)程中溫通過(guò)吸附或共沉淀作用,顯著(zhù)降低重金屬污染物、除度的影響,同時(shí)溫度也影響生物質(zhì)炭的性質(zhì)2。生草劑、農藥等在植物體內的積聚5。盡管如此,目物質(zhì)炭的元素組成由最終炭化溫度決定。隨著(zhù)炭化前生物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)上的應用仍存在爭議,包括生物最終溫度的升高,生物質(zhì)炭中碳含量增加,氫、氧質(zhì)炭對土壤改良的效果以及生物質(zhì)炭是否會(huì )在土壤等含量減少,揮發(fā)性有機物含量減少22,從而剖面內移動(dòng),只有針對土壤、作物和生物質(zhì)炭性pH隨裂解溫度的升高而升高2。一般而言,生物質(zhì)進(jìn)行具體分析后,才能促進(jìn)生物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)上的質(zhì)炭的比表面積隨裂解溫度升高而增加,如木炭從合理應用。為此,本文回顧和綜述了國內外有關(guān)生200℃的2.3m2/g增加到700℃的247m2/g,畜禽物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)上的最新研究成果,重點(diǎn)闡述了其對類(lèi)便炭從200℃的3m2/g增加到500℃的14土壤理化性質(zhì)及微生物、作物生長(cháng)和產(chǎn)量等方面的m2/g29。但有些生物質(zhì)材料在裂解溫度高時(shí)比表影響,并提出了生物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)應用方面的研究方面積反而下降,如稻殼炭,所以分析生物質(zhì)炭的向性質(zhì)要綜合考慮生物質(zhì)原料類(lèi)型及裂解條件等。1生物質(zhì)炭性質(zhì)的影響因素2生物質(zhì)炭對土壤性質(zhì)的影響目前,學(xué)界普遍認為,作物秸稈等生物質(zhì)轉化為生物質(zhì)材料經(jīng)裂解、炭化制得生物質(zhì)炭還田后生物質(zhì)炭最主要的影響因素為:制備生物質(zhì)炭原料由于其本身含有的、可供作物直接吸收利用的養分本身的性質(zhì)和熱解過(guò)程中的環(huán)境條件,如溫度、空含量并不多,因此生物質(zhì)炭只能明顯提高養分貧瘠氣、濕度等。不同生物質(zhì)類(lèi)型或炭化條件所制備土壤的養分含量,而對肥力較高的土壤養分含量影的生物質(zhì)炭,在結構、pH、揮發(fā)物含量、灰分含量、持響相對較小。生物質(zhì)炭對土壤的改良作用主要是通水性、表觀(guān)密度、比表面積和陽(yáng)離子交換量等理化性過(guò)改變土壤的物理性狀和結構,促進(jìn)土壤生物化學(xué)質(zhì)上表現出不同的性能,從而會(huì )產(chǎn)生不同的環(huán)境效與物理化學(xué)的交互作用,促進(jìn)微生物的生長(cháng)和活性,應和環(huán)境應用1從而提高土壤肥力生物質(zhì)炭的組成元素主要為碳、氫、氧等,其碳2.1生物質(zhì)炭對土壤物理性質(zhì)的影響含量為70%~80%1,其次是灰分(包括鉀、鈣、鈉衡量土壤生產(chǎn)力的重要指標之一是土壤水分含鎂、硅等),因其碳組分高度芳香化而具有熱穩定性。量及其有效性,而生物質(zhì)炭可以吸附和保持水分,并生物質(zhì)種類(lèi)和來(lái)源決定了生物質(zhì)炭的化學(xué)成分,木且增強土壤水分的滲透性。生物質(zhì)炭對土壤物本植物生物質(zhì)炭通常碳含量高,而礦質(zhì)養分含量低;理性質(zhì),如田間持水量、透水性、體積質(zhì)量的影響,廄肥及秸稈則與之相反。生物質(zhì)炭中礦物質(zhì)含方面取決于土壤質(zhì)地,另一方面還取決于生物質(zhì)炭量一般是畜禽糞便最高,木本植物最低,草本植物居的顆粒度、V凵中國煤化工。生物質(zhì)炭表中21,而碳含量則相反。研究表明,對生物質(zhì)炭中面還可以吸CNMHG提高土壤的養碳含量以及養分有效性有重要影響的是原料本身的分吸持容量及持水容量22。土壤的田間持水量隨第2期陳心想,等:生物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)上的應用169著(zhù)生物質(zhì)炭施用量的增加而增大03。研究表明,究表明,與對照相比,高量秸稈炭(4500在含黑色炭豐富的亞馬遜土壤中,田間持水量比周kg/hm2)和炭基緩釋肥(750kg/hm2)處理的CEC圍無(wú)炭土壤增加了18%3。因生物質(zhì)炭比表面積值分別增加24.5%和14.7%,且差異顯著(zhù)(P<(通常200~400m2/g)比砂質(zhì)土(沙粒表面積0.05)。生物質(zhì)炭對土壤CEC的影響主要與土壤和01~0.1m2/g)的大,故生物質(zhì)炭易改善砂質(zhì)土壤生物質(zhì)炭類(lèi)型及其施用量有關(guān)。在高度風(fēng)化的熱帶持水量23,但對壤土、黏質(zhì)土持水量的影響通常不土壤中投入低量生物質(zhì)炭可以增加土壤CEC,大量明顯。因此,生物質(zhì)炭可以有效提高干旱地區砂質(zhì)施用時(shí)可使CEC提高50%,從而提高土壤保肥能土的保水能力3。說(shuō)明生物質(zhì)炭能改善土壤持水力和緩沖性能32。生物質(zhì)炭能夠明顯改善低CEC性能,降低土壤水滲漏損失,從而減少養分的淋失。酸性土壤的CEC,但對石灰性土壤CEC的作用不此外,生物質(zhì)炭還可以促進(jìn)土壤團聚體的形成351,明顯4,這可能與原土壤高CEC有關(guān)。此外,生物增加土壤水穩定性團聚體數量3)。質(zhì)炭對土壤CEC改善作用與其在土壤中的老化時(shí)生物質(zhì)炭發(fā)達的多孔結構使土壤表層的孔隙度間有關(guān)3,隨著(zhù)生物質(zhì)炭在土壤中作用時(shí)間的延增大,體積質(zhì)量降低,使土壤結構得到改善。研究表長(cháng),其在生物和非生物的作用下氧化產(chǎn)生諸如羧基明隨著(zhù)生物質(zhì)炭施用量的增加,土壤體積質(zhì)量呈下等類(lèi)的官能團,增大其電荷量或CEC,從而使土壤降趨勢{31:3,這與 Laird等3和Chen等的研究CEC顯著(zhù)增大46。結果一致。在陜西墟土的盆栽試驗也顯示,土壤體2.2.3土壤養分土壤養分是衡量土壤肥力高低積質(zhì)量隨著(zhù)生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加而增大,但是尚未的重要指標之一,其含量的高低直接影響作物的生達到顯著(zhù)水平4。這有助于解決因長(cháng)期過(guò)量施用長(cháng)及產(chǎn)量。研究發(fā)現,生物質(zhì)炭具有固碳、貯存養化肥而引起的土壤板結問(wèn)題,改善土壤性質(zhì),提高土分、提高土壤肥力的能力2。一方面,生物質(zhì)炭具地生產(chǎn)力?？傮w而言,生物質(zhì)炭對土壤物理性質(zhì)的有較大的比表面積,施入土壤后可以吸附多種離子,改善作用與生物質(zhì)炭施用量和土壤肥力水平有關(guān)。但它對養分是一種選擇性吸持,對NH4+、NO2.2生物質(zhì)炭對土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響吸附作用較強4。室內培養試驗結果表明,生物質(zhì)2.2.1土壤酸堿度由于生物質(zhì)炭的灰分中含有炭通過(guò)離子交換而吸附土壤中的NO3、NH4+,從定的礦質(zhì)元素如K、Ca、Mg等,其以氧化物或碳而顯著(zhù)增加土壤中有效氮比例1。與之不同,在華酸鹽形式存在,溶于水后顯堿性,故大多數生物質(zhì)炭北高產(chǎn)農田連續3年施用生物質(zhì)炭后,耕層土壤中都呈堿性。生物質(zhì)炭提高酸性土壤pH值的機理可堿解氮的含量雖有下降,但不顯著(zhù)50)。此外,生物能是,其提高土壤堿基飽和度,降低可交換鋁水平,質(zhì)炭能夠明顯提高土壤有效磷、鈣、鎂含量,但對氮消耗土壤質(zhì)子研究發(fā)現,以造紙廢物為原料和鉀的作用不顯著(zhù),與已報道的生物質(zhì)炭增加土生產(chǎn)的生物質(zhì)炭,作為土壤改良劑施在酸性鐵質(zhì)土壤有效P、K、Mg和Ca含量的研究結果一致(32中,使土壤pH增加了1.5個(gè)單位,達到統計顯著(zhù),在氮貧瘠的土壤上,由于施加生物質(zhì)炭后土壤中但對堿性鈣質(zhì)土壤pH作用不顯著(zhù)。還有研究C/N值提高,從而限制了土壤氮素利用率,進(jìn)而短期表明生物質(zhì)炭對砂漿水稻土pH變化的影響不顯內降低了作物的生長(cháng)量2。此外,生物質(zhì)炭也可以著(zhù)41,但紅壤pH顯著(zhù)提高,并在高用量時(shí)達顯吸附陰離子,同時(shí)還可以吸附農藥和重金屬,減著(zhù)水平,這可能與原始土壤pH有關(guān)。因此,生物質(zhì)少土壤和環(huán)境污染。因此,生物質(zhì)炭可以減少養分炭可以改良我國南方熱帶、亞熱帶地區鋁毒和肥力和污染物的淋失22,提高肥料利用率,促進(jìn)作物生低下的酸性土壤。長(cháng)和提高產(chǎn)量,保護生態(tài)環(huán)境2.2.2土壤陽(yáng)離子交換量(CEC)土壤CEC與土生物質(zhì)炭富含有機碳,可以增加土壤有機碳含壤粘粒含量、礦物類(lèi)型、有機質(zhì)及pH有關(guān),因而需量1:)、土壤有機質(zhì)3或腐殖質(zhì)含量,生物質(zhì)炭要研究生物質(zhì)炭對土壤CEC的影響。生物質(zhì)炭比本身的種類(lèi)和性質(zhì)以及作用土壤的性質(zhì)決定了其對表面積大,可以增強土壤對陽(yáng)離子的吸附能力4),土壤有機質(zhì)的影響程度(對肯利亞西部某處土增加耕層土壤CEC[3n·。由于陽(yáng)離子交換性能提壤的研究表明,加入生物質(zhì)炭之后該地土壤的有機高,導致?tīng)I養物質(zhì)的緩慢釋放及有機質(zhì)的穩定化,從碳礦化量減V凵中國煤化工的穩定性上而有效促進(jìn)植物對營(yíng)養成分的吸收,即可以潛在地升。然而,CNMHG質(zhì)炭通過(guò)激降低養分淋洗。華北平原高產(chǎn)農田3年定位試驗研發(fā)效應促進(jìn)了土壤有機質(zhì)的分解釋放,通過(guò)提高土170西北農林科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版第41卷壤微生物的活性而促進(jìn)土壤腐殖質(zhì)的分解5。另中接種菌的存活率及其對植物的侵染32,這也是人有研究表明,生物質(zhì)炭還可以顯著(zhù)改變土壤有機物們將其用作微生物肥料接種菌載體的原因。生物質(zhì)質(zhì)的組成,降低土壤活性較高的有機物質(zhì)(胡敏酸和炭的相對穩定性使它并不能很好地直接被土壤微生富里酸等)比例31物利用,其對土壤微生物的影響可能主要是基于對2.3生物質(zhì)炭對土壤微生物的影響土壤環(huán)境的改變。然而,土壤環(huán)境的改變以及土壤土壤微生物是土壤碳庫中最為活躍的組分,對微生物的活動(dòng)反過(guò)來(lái)也能影響生物質(zhì)炭,故生物質(zhì)施用生物質(zhì)炭的響應也比其他有機質(zhì)更快。生物質(zhì)炭和土壤微生物的相互作用機理有待進(jìn)一步深人探炭對土壤微生物的影響主要表現在土壤微生物組成究。的變化和土壤微生物量的增減2個(gè)方面。生物質(zhì)炭的多孔性和表面特性以及對水肥的吸3生物質(zhì)炭對作物生長(cháng)的影響附作用都為土壤微生物提供了良好的棲息環(huán)境,生物質(zhì)炭不僅可以用作土壤調節劑,而且還能為土壤有益微生物提供保護,進(jìn)而增加微生物數量起到肥料的作用。生物質(zhì)炭具有良好的物理性質(zhì)和及活性,特別是叢枝狀菌根真菌(AMF)或泡囊叢枝養分調控功能,施入土壤可以顯著(zhù)促進(jìn)種子萌發(fā)和狀菌根真菌(VAM)5。前人利用磷酸脂肪酸法研植物根系生長(cháng),從而提高作物生產(chǎn)力及作物產(chǎn)究發(fā)現,施用生物質(zhì)炭后,土壤中真菌和革蘭氏陰性量36。目前,關(guān)于生物質(zhì)炭對土壤肥力和作物生長(cháng)菌的生物量明顯增加。也有研究表明,生物質(zhì)炭影響的研究多集中在風(fēng)化土及典型熱帶貧瘠土壤可以增強作物根部真菌的繁殖能力,促進(jìn)植物根瘤上6,生物質(zhì)炭對作物生長(cháng)的影響可分為促進(jìn)作菌的生物固氮,改變土壤硝化微生物菌群活性9。用10、抑制作用或無(wú)影響m。生物質(zhì)炭可以調控土壤微環(huán)境的理化性質(zhì)影響土不同的生物質(zhì)炭施用量對作物產(chǎn)量有很大的影壤微生物的生長(cháng)和代謝,微生物繁殖的同時(shí)也會(huì )改響,一般在生物質(zhì)炭用量較低時(shí)提高作物生物量,用變作物生長(cháng)的微環(huán)境,對作物生理生化過(guò)程產(chǎn)生重量較高時(shí)會(huì )降低作物生物量。在黃色鐵鋁土(xan要影響。thic ferralsol)進(jìn)行的田間試驗表明,在生物質(zhì)炭施土壤微生物群落結構的變化從另一方面反映了用量為135.2t/hm2時(shí),豇豆的生物量是對照的2生物質(zhì)炭對土壤微生物組成的影響。近年來(lái),一些倍32。然而,采用沙壤土的盆栽試驗結果表明,在學(xué)者在研究微生物群落結構變化對生物質(zhì)炭的響應生物質(zhì)炭用量為30和60t/hm2時(shí),黑麥草( Lolium時(shí),利用了分子生物學(xué)和生物化學(xué)技術(shù)6。 Pieti- perenne)的生物量分別比對照增加了20%和52%;kainen等61使用PLFA技術(shù)分析了施用生物質(zhì)炭在生物質(zhì)炭用量為100和200t/hm2時(shí),黑麥草的的土壤微生物群落結構,認為生物質(zhì)炭對微生物群生物量反而比對照降低了8%和30%[m2。另有研落結構影響較大,主要是有利于個(gè)體較小且生長(cháng)速究發(fā)現,生物質(zhì)炭能顯著(zhù)提高低肥力土壤上黑麥草度較快的微生物生長(cháng)。 Grossman等(21比較觀(guān)察了的產(chǎn)量,增加幅度隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加而增大;而含生物質(zhì)炭和不含生物質(zhì)炭的土壤中微生物群落的在高肥力土壤上生物質(zhì)炭對黑麥草產(chǎn)量的影響不顯種類(lèi),發(fā)現含有生物質(zhì)炭的土壤不論種類(lèi)和用途其著(zhù),當生物質(zhì)炭用量達到200g/kg時(shí),生物質(zhì)炭對微生物種類(lèi)基本相同,且與不含生物質(zhì)炭的土壤中黑麥草的生長(cháng)甚至產(chǎn)生了輕微的抑制作用,產(chǎn)量有微生物種類(lèi)明顯不同,說(shuō)明生物質(zhì)炭對微生物的群定下降1落分布具有一定的控制作用。作物對不同性質(zhì)的生物質(zhì)炭的響應也不同。有土壤微生物量的變化是表征土壤微生物對生物研究顯示,一般而言,在施用500℃裂解的生物質(zhì)炭質(zhì)炭響應的重要指標之一。 Liang等通過(guò)生物質(zhì)后,作物生物量顯著(zhù)高于施用其他溫度的生物質(zhì)炭炭的長(cháng)期效應發(fā)現,生物質(zhì)炭顯著(zhù)提高了土壤微生P<0.05),而生物質(zhì)炭原料類(lèi)型變化致使作物生物量。有研究結果表明,施用生物質(zhì)炭顯著(zhù)提高物量的增幅是熱解溫度的8倍3)。溫室盆栽試驗了土壤微生物量碳水平,且增幅隨著(zhù)生物質(zhì)炭用量結果表明,動(dòng)物糞便炭使玉米生物量增加43%,玉的增加而增大,這與呂偉波和黃超等的研究結米秸稈炭增加30%,而食物殘渣炭減少92%,與對果一致。然而,黃超等31同時(shí)指出,生物質(zhì)炭會(huì )降照差異都達YHa中國煤化工低高肥力土壤的微生物量碳水平,下降幅度隨其用在不同CNMHG入生物質(zhì)炭的量的增加而增大。此外,生物質(zhì)炭還可以增加土壤響應也不同。研究發(fā)現,在堿性鈣質(zhì)土壤上施入由第2期陳心想,等:生物質(zhì)炭在農業(yè)上的應用171造紙廢物高溫熱解得到的生物質(zhì)炭后,小麥和蘿卜3)由于土壤酶活性與土壤的生物、物理及化學(xué)的干質(zhì)量減產(chǎn);而在酸性鐵質(zhì)土壤上,施入該生物質(zhì)性質(zhì)緊密聯(lián)系,因此已經(jīng)被作為一個(gè)重要的生物活炭后,小麥和蘿卜的干質(zhì)量顯著(zhù)增加,在酸性淋溶土性指標應用于土壤肥力、土壤自?xún)裟芰Φ蔫b定和土上施用以農業(yè)殘余物為原料制得的生物質(zhì)炭后,蘿壤質(zhì)量的評價(jià)。目前,雖然關(guān)于生物質(zhì)炭對一些土卜的干質(zhì)量顯著(zhù)增加。壤酶活性的影響國外已有報道,但相對較少,因此亟在同一土壤上,不同類(lèi)型的作物對生物質(zhì)炭的需進(jìn)行生物質(zhì)炭對土壤酶活性影響的進(jìn)一步探究。響應也不同。在Dehi土中施用等量生物質(zhì)炭(5004)鑒于現有研究報道的作物對生物質(zhì)炭施用kg/hm2)時(shí),豌豆的生物量增加60%,大豆和綠豆的量反應存在差異,故需要進(jìn)一步探索其原因或機理。產(chǎn)量分別增加了50%和22%1。這可能是由于施此外,生物質(zhì)炭與肥料配合施用幾乎都是正效應。用生物質(zhì)炭增加了土壤中養分特別是氮肥的有效因此,研究生物質(zhì)炭肥料緩釋載體及其與肥料合理性。而在火山灰土( Volcanic ash soil)上的田間試配施是研究者需要進(jìn)一步解決的問(wèn)題。驗結果表明,當生物質(zhì)炭用量分別為5和15t/hm2志謝:感謝農業(yè)部黃土高原農業(yè)資源與環(huán)境修復重點(diǎn)開(kāi)時(shí),大豆和玉米均表現出減產(chǎn)效應3。放實(shí)驗室和農業(yè)部西北植物營(yíng)養與農業(yè)環(huán)境重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗室在近期研究表明3:,如果生物質(zhì)炭和其他有試驗期間給子的幫助機或無(wú)機肥料配合施用,作物增產(chǎn)效果更佳。有研究顯示,在施用無(wú)機肥料的同時(shí)添加生物質(zhì)炭野草[參考文獻]植株對地表的覆蓋率比單獨施用無(wú)機肥料時(shí)提高了提高了1]畢于運高春雨,王亞靜,等中國秸稈資源數量估算[農業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2009,25(12):211-21746%15。與單施無(wú)機肥料相比,生物質(zhì)炭和無(wú)機肥BiY Y, Gao C Y, Wang Y J, et al. 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