Conversation Analysis Based on Cooperative Principle and Politeness Theory

學(xué)園| ACADEMY2010年第8期Conversation Analysis Based on CooperativePrinciple and Politeness Theory孫力華北京信息科技大學(xué)外國語(yǔ)學(xué)院[摘 要]談話(huà)中的合作原則及會(huì )話(huà)準則是美國哲學(xué)家格萊斯提出來(lái)、旨在解釋會(huì )話(huà)意義的理論。雖然會(huì )話(huà)參與者幾乎總是遵守合作原則, 但并非嚴格遵守。由于種種原因, 這些原則經(jīng)常被違反, 對合作原則的違反則導致產(chǎn)生格賴(lài)斯所說(shuō)的“會(huì )話(huà)含意”,也就是說(shuō),對任何一種合作原則的違反,都會(huì )使語(yǔ)言變得間接。本文以《紅樓夢(mèng)》第十八章的一-個(gè)段落為例,分析了當談話(huà)者違反合作原則.時(shí),會(huì )話(huà)含意是如何產(chǎn)生的。[關(guān)鍵詞]合作原則禮貌原則 會(huì )話(huà)含意[中圖分類(lèi)號] H315.9[文獻標識碼] A[文章編號] 1674 - 4810 ( 2010) 08- 0037-03[ Abstract]The cooperative principle, a principle of conversation proposed by Paul Grice( 1975 ), along with the conversational maxims,partly accounts for conversational implicatures. This article takes as an example one part of Chapter 18 chosen from A Dream of Red Mansions( Gladys Yang and Yang Hsien - yi 1978 ~ 1980 ) to analyze how conversational implicatures occur when the speakers follow or violate thecooperative principles.[ Key words] Cooperative principle Politeness theory Conversational implicature1 Introduction( 1 ) make your contribution as informative as is required forThe philosopher H. P. Grice( 1975 )suggests that there is aset ofthe current purpose of the exchange.assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he( 2 ) do not make your contribution more informative than iscalls the cooperative principle( CP ). He formulates the Principle andrequired.its maxims as follows: make your contribution such as is required, at3 . The Maxim of Relevancethe stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction ofMake your contribution relevantthe talk exchange in which you are engaged. ( Grice 1975) . The4. The Maxim of Mannerprinciple describes how effective communication in conversation isBe perspicuous, and specifically:achieved in common social situations and is further divided into four( 1 ) avoid obscurityMaxims.(2 ) avoid ambiguity1。The Maxim of Quality(3 ) be briefTry to make your contribution one that is true, specifially:(4) be orderly( 1) do not say what you believe to be false.(Grice 1975 : 45 -46 )(2) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.In short, in order to conduct a conversation in a“maximally2. The Maxim of Quantityeficient, rational, and cooperative way", the speakers should“speak教育工作。培養大學(xué)生對學(xué)校的情感,使大學(xué)生在活動(dòng)中受到教育,自覺(jué)提.3.前提一提高統戰對象思想政治素質(zhì)高綜合素質(zhì)。另一方面,對統戰對象指導大學(xué)生教育和科技創(chuàng )新,統戰對象的思想政治素質(zhì)情況關(guān)乎統戰對象作用于大學(xué)生學(xué)校要給予鼓勵和獎勵,對于取得標志性成果要獎勵一定額度的思想政治教育的效果。為此,高校要通過(guò)有計劃的培訓、開(kāi)展豐活動(dòng)經(jīng)費,從而促進(jìn)統戰對象更加積極地發(fā)揮大學(xué)生思想政治富多彩的活動(dòng)以及提出明確的工作要求,抓好統戰對象的思想建教育的作用。設工作。用中國特色社會(huì )主義理論體系教育和引導廣大統戰對參考文獻象，進(jìn)一步提高他們的思想政治素質(zhì)。要創(chuàng )造條件, 營(yíng)造濃厚的[1]方桐清統戰對象在大學(xué)生思想政治教育中的作用[J].徐州校內政治協(xié)商氛圍,從情感上密切與統戰對象的關(guān)系,鞏固同盟建筑職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2005 (5)者的思想政治基礎,從而促進(jìn)統戰對象發(fā)揮大學(xué)生思想政治教育[2]曾國平.統戰工作服務(wù)于大學(xué)生思想政治教育的功效分析的作用。[J]廣東省社會(huì )主義學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2006 (22)[3]紀彬.從學(xué)生工作的角度看加強高校統戰工作的重要性[J].高校統戰對象中各類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)人才較多,應該有意識地安排廣東省社會(huì )主義學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2005 (4)或引薦思想素質(zhì)較高、熱心學(xué)生工作、在學(xué)術(shù)上有造詣的統戰對[4]婁延常淺論高校黨的統戰工作應從大學(xué)生抓起[J]湖北省象擔任學(xué)生科技團隊導師。通過(guò)導師對具體活動(dòng)的指導,不斷增社會(huì )主義學(xué)中國煤化工強大學(xué)生的向師性、密切師生之間的感情,潤滑師生之間的關(guān)系,任編輯:陳晨].TYHCNMHG-37-學(xué)園| ACADEMY2010年第8期sincerely, relevantly and clearly while providing sufficienthas attended my wife and myself.information". ( Levinson 1983 : 102 )”His Majesty, who manifests the great virtue of all creation,In addition to cooperative principle, Geoffrey Leech puthas shown us such extraordinary and hitherto unknown favor thatforward politeness principle and he believes that politeness principleeven if we dashed out our brains we could not repay one -is a necessary complement for cooperative principle. What is more,thousandth part of our debt of gratitude. All I can do is to exertPenelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, formulated in 1978myself day and night, loyally carry out my official duties, and praypoliteness theory which accounts for the redressing of the affrontsthat our sovereign may live ten thousand years as desired by allto face posed by face - threatening acts to addressees ( Foley,under heaven.William 1997 )Your Noble Highness must not grieve your precious heart inThe most important concept in these two theories is“face".Yourconcern for your ageing parents. We beg you to take better care offace, in pragmatics, is your public self - image. This is the emotionalyour own health. Be cautious, circumspect, diligent and respectful.and social sense of self that every person has and expects everyoneHonor the Emperor and serve him well, so as to prove yourself notelse to recognize. Politeness is showing awareness of anotherungrateful for His Majesty's bountiful goodness and great kindness."person's face. Being polite consists of attempting to save face forThen it was Yuan Chun's turm to urge her father to devoteanother. The speaker and hearer can use various conversationalhimself to affairs of state, look after his health and dismiss all anxietystrategies in order to keep face. If you say something that representsregarding her. ( Gladys Yang and Yang Hsien - yi 1978 ~ 1980).a threat to another person's self - image, that is called a“face -It is said that Yuan Chun was born on Chinese New Year's Daythreatening act”". ( Brown and Levinson 1987 ) Whenever you say-the beginning of spring. So her name means“Primary Spring”".something that lessens the possible threat to another's face, it isYuan Chun was the daughter of Chia Cheng and Lady Wang, andcalled a face - saving act.We know that frequently the speaker can mean a lot more thanladies in waiting in the imperial palace, Yuan Chun later became anwhat he said. The problem is how the speaker can manage toImperial Consort, having impressed the Emperor with her virtue andlearmning. Her ilustrious position as a favorite of the Emperor marksunderstand the speaker's meaning. The philosopher H. P. Gricethe height of the Chia family's powers ( wikipedia ) . However,( 1975 )believes that there must be some mechanisms governing theaccording to China's feudal norm of the society, once a girl hasproduction and comprehension of these utterances. Grice is awaremarried emperor and become member of the imperial family, shethat speakers do not always fllow the cooperative maxims: in factcouldn't go back home to visit her parents at will. Through manythey often violate them. But that is not the point. The important thingefforts, she was eventually permitted by the emperor to visit heris that whether the speaker follows or violates these maxims, hefamily. The above dialogue is between her and her father.produces some implicature-- -a kind of extra meaning that is notAs an Imperial Consort, Yuan Chun deserves almost the samecontained in the utterance. In another word, when any of the Maximsrespect as the emperor himself. So the relationship between Yuanis apparently violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated,Chun and Chia Cheng is not only father and daughter but sovereignthen conversational implicatures arise.and subject as well. As a result, the conversation between them is2 C onversational Implicatures Produced by Characters inboth a passionate one and a rational one. What the two persons saidA Dream of Red Mansionsembodies the affection between blood relations and the feudalThe followving paragraph is one part of Chapter 18 in A Dreamhierarchy too. As far as Chia Cheng is concerned, Yuan Chun's visitof Red Mansions ( Gladys Yang and Yang Hsien - yi 1978 ~ 1980 )to family isn't so much family reunion as personal visit to a subjectIt is conversation between Yuan Chun and her father Chia Cheng. Wepaid by the envoy of the emperor. He must take advantage of thiswill take it as an example to analyze the occurrence of conversationalopportunity to show how grateful he is to the emperor s generosityimplicatures.and give his firm support to the class system of the past feudalWhen the ladies of the family had spoken with feeling aboutsociety in which obedience to the emperor was considered as anheir separation and all that had happened since. Chia Cheng fromobligation of the people in the state.outside the door - curtain asked after the health of his daughter, andRelatively speaking, Yuan Chun's speech is less formal than hershe in turn paid her respects.father's. In the second paragraph, she tried hard to make theWith tears she told him,“Simple farmers who live on picklesand dress in homespun at least know the joys of family life together.said that Yuan Chun felt imprisoned within the four walls of theWhat pleasure can 1 take in high rank and luxury when we areimperial palace though she held prestigious position, and she was byseparated like this?"no means happy in the palace despite the fact that she lived a luxuryHe replied with tears too,“Your subject, poor and obscure, lttelife. By contrast, Chia Cheng's speech is very formal and involvesdreamed that our flock of common pigeons and crows would ever belots of face - saving acts. In the third paragraph, for example, byblessed with a phoenix. Thanks to the Imperial favor and the virtuesaying“Your subject" instead of“T”he disclaimed their parenthoodof our ancestors, your Noble Highness embodies the finest essencesand managed to m中國煤化工m very clear--of nature and the accumulated merit of our forbearssuch fortunesovereign and subjwith affectionateMHCN MH G'-38.學(xué)園| ACADEMY2010年第8期feelings between daughter and father, rigid hierarchical relationshipwhat they said and did, violating some maxims on the surface,is the top priority to Chia Cheng who thought that even servants inenhanced Yuan Chun's face, and indirectly the emperor's face.the palace were supposed to be honored, let alone Yuan Chun, theAfter all, Chia Cheng was Yuan Chun' father, so in the fifthimperial consort, who was the symbol of imperial power. Therefore,paragraph, his words became relatively personal and began to usehe began to belittle himself and highly praised his daughter withdirective sentences to urge his daughter to do well before theunflagging patience ( this apparently violates the maxim of quality andemperor. This shows his love to his daughter. What Yuan Chun saidmanner ) to show a feeling of deference to Yuan Chuan, whichin the last paragraph is more directive than before to show herindirectly showed respect to the emperor and to suggest how fortunateposition as an imperial concubine.he was to be given preferential treatment by the emperor.3 C onclusionIn the fourth paragraph, Chia Cheng went on to eulogize the :In general, conversational implicature is one of the mostemperor and further belittled and denigrated himself in arimportant concepts in discourse analysis. In fact, implicatures areexaggerating way ( violation of maxim of quality and manner again) pragmatic aspects of meaning and have certain identifiableto express his gratitude and loyalty to the emperor as well ascharacteristics. They are“partially derived from the conventional ordetermination to serve the state. It seems unessary to showliteral meaning of an utranre, produced in a specific context, whichgratitude and obedience to the emperor in the face of Yuan Chun;is shared, by the speaker and the hearer, and depend on recognitionhowever, in this way he tried to imply that his daughter had alreadyby the speaker and hearer of the Cooperative Principle and itsbeen a part of the emperor, and no longer belonged to his family.maxims”( Brown and Yule 1983 : 33) .What's more, it usually takes more words to be polite, thus by usingR eferencesso many formal and polite formulas in his speech he managed to[ 1 ] Brown, Gillian & Yule Gcorge. Discourse Analysis [ M ].minimize the danger of Yuan Chun's losing face, which is the mostimportant things in Chinese society.[2] Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: SomeWhat he said in the third and fourth paragraph seems over -universals in language usage [ M ] .Cambridge: Cambridgeelaborated ( this violates the maxim of manner )and irrelevant to YuanUniversity Press, 1987Chun's visit to the family ( violation of maxim of relevance) , butit [3 ] Carr, Michael. Chinese Face in Japanese and English [J] .Theclearly indicates the complex relationship between them. However,Review of Liberal Arts, 1993 :69~ 101this kind of conversation, though seems that it should not have [ 4 ] Foley, William. Anthropological Linguistics: An introductionhappened between father and daughter, is considered normal by[ M ] . Blackwell, 1997everyone in Chia's family. The indirect and significant meanings[5 ] Gladys Yang and Yang Hsien - yi. A Dream of Red Mansionsconveyed by the speaker to the hearer is really shared and[ M ]. Bejing: Foreign Language Press, four volumes, 1978 ~understood by two parties of the conversation. Furthermore, whatthey did and said conforms to that day's situation and social context.[6 ] Gofiman, Erving. On Face - Work: An analysis of ritual elements inYuan Chun's visit provided Chia Cheng with a rare opportunity tosocial interaction[ J ]Psychiatry: Joumal of Interpersonal Relations.show off his wealth and kindness bestowed by the emperor and the18:3 1955 : 213 ~ 2:1.tt://n.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Politeness_overdone courtesy is completely a face - saving act.“Face" meanstheory 2010 -06 - 20*sociodynamic valuation', a lexical hyponym of words meaning [ 7] Grice, H. P.“Logic and conversation" In Cole, P. and Morgan,prestige; dignity; honor; respect; status( Carr 1993 ). Chinese people1975:41~58pay a lot of atention to giving face ( show respect for someone's[ 8 ] Leech, G N. Principles of Pragmatics [ M ] .London: Longman,feelings ) to other people and atach great importance to one's own1983face ( dignity ) and tend to fight for face on every possible occasion.[9] Levinson, Stephen C. Pragmatics [ M ] .Cambridge UniversityAs a result, in social life Chinese people tend to cooperate ( andPress, 1983: 102, 284 ~370assume each other's cooperation ) in maintaining face in interaction,[ 10] Wikipedia. Dream of the Red Chamber ht://.wikipedia.such cooperation being based on the mutual vulnerability of faceorg/wiki, 2010.06.25( Brown and Levinson 1978 ) . In the conversation between them,[責任編輯:陳晨]中國煤化工YHCNMH G.39.