An Experimental Analysis of Water and Soil Conservation Effected by Micro-landscape Structure

2012Agricultural Science &Technology2443Table 1 Estimated erosion hazard classes in Amhara Regionmass, organisms in the landscape,and the runoff and nitrogen cycle asErosion classesRange of soil loss rateArea Coveragewell5l. Therefore, a second considera-kg/hm/per yearx102 hm?Percentage// %tion is taken into the combination ofVery high> 2x10*1 66010site conditions and conservation stru-High5.1x10*-2.0x10*47962ctures. Landscape mosaic patterns,i.e. site conditions and conservationModerate1.6x10*-5.0x10*5 2843structures are with Amhara character-Slight0-1.5x10*5 25stics.Total9x10- 3.0x10*16 760Source: Abegaz Gizachew (1995)Results and AnalysisTwo years' experiment data fromvation in the long run. This means that spatial patterns of micro-landscapethe site practice are listed in Table 2in adition to technical research to structure, such as woodland, grass-and Table 3.Site-specific plots experiment inidentify productive and alternative land plot， cropland, and bare land, onmanagement technique for diverse runoff, soil erosion, and locomotion2003 and 2004 at SEC stations led byfarming circumstances, research is movement of mass have relatively se-Chinese Experts Team in the regionshows:needed to study physical conserva-rious differentiae. Research on the ef-tion, agricultural planting structure and fect of micro-landscape structure on(1) Soil loss rates are betweenalternative farming practices, such as soil erosion and the spatial locomotion4.0x102 and 2.12x10* kg/hm2 per year,which depend on the soil type, slope,appropriate crop rotation, intercrop-and distribution of soil nutrient, is thusping， etc. according to various sitea hotspot in landsceape ecology study. vegetation and type of conservationstructure (Table 2 and Table 3).conditions.Site selectionUnder the South- South Coopera-Three Soil Erosion Control (SEC)(2) Grass cover tremendously re-tion program, the tripartite project of experiment sites are selected, namelyduces soil loss, as runoff is significant-soil erosion control (SEC) in Jari Ambassel, Tehuledere, and Hyke, allly diminished; implying that more waterDemonstration Area sponsored by of which are respectively 2, 3 and 15finds its way into the soil.(3) Land under cereal cultivationFood and Agriculture Organization km from Jari Demonstration Area,(FAO) of the United Nations, the Peo- each has an aproximate alitudte (900 elso has higher soil loss rates thanple's Republic of China and the Fed- m ASL), to evaluate water and soilland under legume cultivation (Tableeral Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conservation effected by micro-land-2).(4) On the other hand, the experi-has entered into a collaborative re- scape structures.search agreement to undertake the Combination of soil type and cropment indicates that the conservationstructures significantly reduces soilwater and soil loss research on SUS- speciestainable land management in the high-Soil type and crop species are twoloss, with fanya juu terrace,‘ throwinglands of Amhara region, Ethiopia. The major factors which have directly ef-up the slope' in local language, per-primary purpose of the research pro- fects on the runoff, and the runoff hasforming better than graded bunds, butject is to identify effective technologies a positive correlation with soil loss ratenot better than grass strips (Table 2).(5) Growing Teff accelerates soiland strategies to improve productivity caused by different species on differerosion, as it demands several plow-and to curb land degradation and ent soil types. The spatial combinationings for fine seedbed preparation. Ro-poverty in the highlands of Amhara. of different hydrographic soil types ortation of cereals with legumes andThe other major objective of the re-. can effectively increase soil mois-other crops is practiced in the region tosearch is to generate and test a set of ture and iliation efficiency, conse-improve soil fertility.methodologies on sustainable land quently, decrease soil lossl4-5.management by generating compara-Thus, in three difterent SEC Sites,tive knowledge from different highland three different soil types are selectedConclusionsEnvironmental conditions arregions of Ethiopia and elsewhere in as the experimental factors, respec-comparatively fagile in mountainousEast Africa that can be applied in tively, species selection and land uti-many other circumstances2.lization methods are carefully de-regions, and hence irational develop-signed to focus on the current hydro-ment in these regions can add to eco-Experiment Designgraphic and geological structures andlogical disordersl6l. Agro-forestry thatMicro-landscape structure refers crop structures. The purpose is to ide-can contribute to the contolling oto the combination of various land- ntify the optimum combination of soil-arable land areas decline, alleviatingwater and soil loss, improving the eCo-scape constituents in spatial struc- crop.2.中國煤化工f crucial impor-turel8!. The dstribution of landscape Combination of site condition andtype has great significances to the conservation structureMHCN MH Gevelopment ofLandscape mosaic patterns influ-agricultural process including materialComposite forests and grassplotsmigration, energy exchange and massence the motion mode of energy,are to be established through the se-Vol.13, No.11, 2012Agricultural Science & Technology2444Agricultural Science & Technology2012Table 2 Soil loss estimates for soil erosion control project experiments in South Wello, 2003 and 2004YearSEC sitesSlope//%Soil typeCropRunoff// mmSoil loss rate// kg/hm/per year2003Ambassel16Haplic phaeozemmaize63.64.5x10437Stony Haplic phaeozemBarley/horse bean50.41.12x10543Haplic phaeozemlithosol grass4.0x10234Haplic phaeozemilithosol grass13.91.0x103Tehuledere23Eutric regosollentil273.31.218x1039Chromic cambisol321.21.601x10*48fallow222.9 .6.91x10*Orchic andosol115.34.21x10Hyke12Tef836.01.756x10*grass627.51.44x1022Stony eutric regosolwheat692.21.842x10*28Vertic luvisolbarley989.22.109x1002004barley/beans569.93.60x105wheatbeans374.35.38x10*13Haplic phaeozem-lithosol grass28.20.5x10*64Haplic phaeozem-ithosol grass21.42.0x103Eutic regosol583.52.124x10*703.61.995x10*586.11.426x106382.91.524x10*beans836.74.02x105620.41.6x10*690.77.36x105840.21.992x106Source: Report on Master Design & Investment Budget Estimate of Farmland Water Harvesting & Irigation Project in Jari DemonstrationArea4.Table 3 Soil loss estimates for soil erosion control project experiments in South Wello, 2003 and 2004Year SEC sites and conditionsConservation structure Runoff// mm Soil loss rate // kg/hm/per year2003 Ambassel (slope:28%; Soil: haplic phaeozemGrass strip7.70.4x10*Crop: horse bean/ barley/ wheat)Graded fanya juu10.21.2x10Graded bund12.11.7x10control15.61.1x10*Tehuledere (slope: 24%Soil: eutric regosol;57.33.9x10*Crop: baleylentil )113.71.50x10*79.91.46x105182.84.34x10*Hyke (slope: 28%; Soil: vertic luvisol Crop: barley/gibto) Grass strip441.24.01x10495.84.56x10*595.61.440x10*2004 Ambassel (slope:28% Soil: haplic phaeozem19.7Crop: maize )15.90.2x10*15.30.5x10422.00.7x10*Tehuledere (slope: 24% Soil: eutric regosol;607.55.16x10*Crop: peas/ beans )Graded fanyajuu651.35.48x105705.58.56x105685.41.408x10*Hyke (slope: 28%; soil: vertic luvisol Crop: wheat )Graded fanya ju中國煤化工3.61x105*YHCNMH G4.20x10501.01.04x10*-，not etimated. Source: Report on Master Design & Investment Budget Estimate of Farmland Water Harvesting & Irigatin Project inJari Demonstration Area.(Continued on page 2452)萬(wàn)數搪tural Science & TechnologyVol.13, No.11, 20122452Agricuitural Science & Technology2012Railway Publishing House(北京:中國鐵University Press(西安:西安電子科技大.Tsinghua University Press (北京:清華道出版社), 2006.學(xué)出版社), 1998: 342- -345, 390- -406.大學(xué)出版社), 2006: 91-108, 175- -180.[9] YANG ZJ(楊振江). Novel integrated cir- [10] DU G (杜剛). Circuit design and platecuit(新型集成電路)[M]. Xi'an: Xidianmaking (電路設計與制板)[M]. Beiing:Responsible editor: Xiaoxue WANGResponsible proofreader: Xiaoyan wU水產(chǎn)育苗自動(dòng)控制系統局部改進(jìn)技術(shù)研究高桂生,鄭立新(河北科技師范學(xué)院 ,河北昌黎066600)摘要[目的]對水產(chǎn) 育苗自動(dòng)控制系統進(jìn)行局部改進(jìn),以期為該系統的高效穩定使用奠定基礎。[方法]對水產(chǎn)育苗自動(dòng)控制系統的執行和驅動(dòng)模塊進(jìn)行局部改進(jìn),并對改進(jìn)后的實(shí)時(shí)監測.數據顯示及報警模塊等進(jìn)行效果測試。{結果}試驗中,改進(jìn)自動(dòng)控制系統的原有設計結構后,可使各元件更匹配,降低了傳輸電阻,系統的穩定性、靈敏度明顯提高。[結論]該研究為水產(chǎn)育苗過(guò)程中水溫度和溶解氧自動(dòng)控制系統的使用及故障排除提供了幫助。關(guān)鍵詞水產(chǎn)育苗 ;執行及驅動(dòng):模塊;監測與報警作者簡(jiǎn)介高桂生(1964-),男,河北玉田人， 副教授,碩士,從事水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物養殖與軟件工程研究,Eailggs1964@163.com收稿日期2012-10-20 修回日期 2012-10-29(Continued from page 2444)Ethiopian Highlands: Amhara Region源科學(xué)), 2004, 26: 7-12.lection of different vegetation variety in[R]. International Livestock Research[8] WU HL(伍紅琳), ZHANG H(張輝), SUNaccordance with different soil typesInstitute,2000QY(孫慶業(yè)). Eftect of arifical vegetation[2] FANG z, WANG y, YAO JG. Report onon the soil and water consevation andand gradients. Vegetation establish-master design & investment budget es-the control of phosphorus loss on thement and construction can greatly in-timate of farmland water harvesting &slope (坡面人工植物群落修復對水土流crease soil organic content, total soilirigation project in Jari demonstration失及控磷的影響)[J小.JoumalofSoilandporosity, and volume weight; conse-area[R]. BoA Amhara Ethiopia, 2005Water Conservation (水 土保持學(xué)報),quently, soil erosion resistance can [3] BOWES BG. A color atlas of plant2011, 25(3): 26-31.be enhanced and surface structurepropagation and conservation [M]. Newenhanced!8.York: Botanical Garden Press, 1999.[9] NAN L, GUO FF, WANG XD, et al. Ef-Notably, the diverse agricultural] FU BJ(傳伯杰), CHEN LD(陳利頂), MAfect of typical vegetation restoration pat-KM(馬克明). et al. Rudiment of ecologytern on soil and water conservation inconditions prevailing in the regionand its aplication(景觀(guān)生態(tài)學(xué)原理及其Yuanmou Dryhot Valley of Yunnanshould be taken into account. Of par-應用)[M]. Bejing: Science Press (北京:Province [J]. Agricultural Science &ticular interest, among others, are soil科學(xué)出版社)。2001: 246- -248.Technology, 2010, 11(11-12): 167-171,type, agrotype and geographic factors,[5] WU JG (鄔建國). Landscape ecology01.which vary considerably from place topattern, process, scale and hierarchy[10] AI JL, WEN QZ, TAO J. Study on theplace and are very likely to have di-[M]. Beiingg: Higher Education Press(北forest vegetation and its water and soil京:科學(xué)出版社), 2000: 75-79.conservation value in Fuxian Lakeverse technique implications in differ-ent situations. By accounting for this[6) ZHAX (查軒), HUANGSY (黃少燕).drainage area in Yunnan Province [J].Problems of soil and water conserva-Meteorological and Environmental Re-diversity, the conclusions drawn fromtion in agricultural development of hillsearch,2010,1(10):58- -61.this experimental research can havesloping land (I 坡地農業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)中的水土[11] HU M (胡明). Eftects of soil and waterbroad applicability in Ethiopia.資源保育問(wèn)題探討)J]. Resources Sci-conservation in loess hilly and gully .ence(資源科學(xué))，2004, 26: 34- -38.area on agriculture(黃土溝壑斤陵區水[7]CAI QG (蔡強國), BU CF(卜崇峰). Ben-土保持對農業(yè)的影響一-以安塞縣為Referencesefit of hedgerow agro-forestry technical例)[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural[1] Land Degradation and Stragegies formeasureSciences(安微農業(yè)科學(xué)), 2012, 40(9):Sustainable Development in the效益分析) [J]. Resources Science (資5512- -5514.Responsible editor: Qingqing YINResponsible proofreader: Xiaoyan WU微景觀(guān)結構對水土保持影響的試驗分析汪洋',鄭威”(1.湖北生態(tài) 工程職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院，湖北武漢430200; 2.湖北省農科院，湖北武漢430064)摘要[目的此項對比試驗是 為了探求不同的 土壤類(lèi)型和植被種植組合前提下土壤流 失效應，為后續在該地區的生態(tài)恢復工程提供實(shí)驗依據。[方法]利用微景觀(guān)結構對水分的運動(dòng)影響原理和不同景觀(guān)因素在空間上的不同組合.設計了3個(gè)不同實(shí)驗地的多種土壤作物和立地條件組合。[結果]不同土壤坡度、種植品種極大影響水土流失量。草地極大地增加了水入滲.減少水土流失;豆科作物比禾本科作物苔麩在減少水土流失有更佳表現。[結論]分析試驗數據,為埃塞俄比亞阿姆哈拉州減少水土流失,合理農業(yè)種植與保護模式提供科學(xué)參考。關(guān)鍵詞微景觀(guān)結構; 徑流;水土保持;立地條件;試驗中國煤化工基金項目聯(lián)合國糧食與農業(yè)組織、 中國、埃塞偏比亞三方南南合作項目(SCSPS-FA作者簡(jiǎn)介汪洋(1968-), 男,湖北武漢人,碩士,副教授,從事生態(tài)恢復和植物種質(zhì)資源YHC N M H G28@163.com. *通訊作者,在讀博士研究生,副研究員,從事作物遺傳育種與技術(shù)推廣研究，E-mail:nkzhengwei@ 163.com。收稿日期2012-09-02 修回日期 2012-10-02萬(wàn)astural Science & TechnologyVol.13, No.11, 2012