天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應

礦物巖石地球化學(xué)通報Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and GeochemistryVo.23No.2,2004Apr.天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應王淑紅,宋海斌2,顏文1.中國科學(xué)院南海海洋研究所和廣州地球化學(xué)研究所邊緣海地質(zhì)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗室,廣州510301;2.中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所,北京100101摘要:天然氣水合物是近些年來(lái)發(fā)現的一種新型超級潔凈能源,因其在能源勘探、海底災害環(huán)境和全球氣侯變化研究中的重要性而日益引起世界各國的高度重視。本文綜述了天然氣水合物在形成、分解過(guò)程中的加劇全球氣候變暖、海底災害和影嘲海洋生物等環(huán)境效應;指出將地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期的重大事件與天然氣水合物產(chǎn)生的這些環(huán)境效應結合將成為今后的主要研究方向。關(guān)鍵詞:天然氣水合物;環(huán)境效應;全球氣候變化;海底地質(zhì)災害中圖分類(lèi)號:P618.13文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1007-2802(2004)02-0160-06隨著(zhù)社會(huì )經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展,全球資源日益減少,物存在于地殼淺層(小于2000m),儲量巨大,當遇能源供需矛盾日趨緊張,環(huán)境和資源問(wèn)題已成為21到環(huán)境變化時(shí),溫度的升降、壓力的變化、海平面變世紀的主要議題。近年來(lái),天然氣水合物成為開(kāi)發(fā)化、沉積盆地的升降、上覆沉積物的增厚、構造活動(dòng)新能源的焦點(diǎn),各國都在爭先研究和開(kāi)發(fā)。流體活動(dòng)等都會(huì )影響天然氣水合物層的穩定性,甚天然氣水合物( Natural Gas Hydrate,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)Gas至導致天然氣水合物層的破壞,釋放出天然氣,并最Hydrate),又稱(chēng)籠形化合物( Clathrate)。它是在一終進(jìn)入大氣圈0。定條件(合適的溫度、壓力、氣體飽和度、水的鹽度、天然氣水合物的主要成分是溫室氣體CH41pH值等)下由水和天然氣組成的類(lèi)冰、非化學(xué)計CO2等,而目前進(jìn)入平流層的溫室氣體中人為源量、籠形結晶化合物。天然氣水合物的主要成分為(360×102g/a)與自然源(150×102g/a)相比占有甲烷;甲烷含量大于99%的天然氣水合物通常稱(chēng)為更大的通量612。20世紀60年代到1983年的測甲烷水合物-9。天然氣水合物主要分布于極地永定表明,大氣中的甲烷正以每年1%的速度增久凍土帶、海洋大陸坡、水下高地、邊緣海和內陸海,長(cháng)18-2。冰芯中的氣體分析表明,在最后一次冰尤其是與泥火山、底辟構造以及大型構造斷裂有關(guān)期、間冰期的轉換過(guò)程中,空氣中的甲烷濃度變化接的地質(zhì)環(huán)境1。近兩倍,即從350×10-°增加到650×10°(體積濃天然氣水合物的開(kāi)發(fā)利用涉及兩個(gè)方面的問(wèn)度)23-361。存在于地殼淺層的天然氣水合物含有巨題:從資源方面考慮,這一資源儲量巨大,能夠滿(mǎn)足大數量的甲烷(1015~10m3 at STP)2,至少是大人類(lèi)未來(lái)清潔能源的需求;從環(huán)境方面考慮,作為溫氣中甲烷總量的3000倍。據報道,1mol甲烷對全室氣體甲烷的最大載體,它的開(kāi)發(fā)利用又可能是引球氣候變暖產(chǎn)生的影響是相同量二氧化碳的3.7發(fā)全球氣候變化和海底地質(zhì)災害的重要因素。因倍,如以重量計則為10倍,且甲烷氧化產(chǎn)物CO2此,必須有超前的防范措施,以防止其對環(huán)境造成的也是一種重要的溫室氣體,對全球環(huán)境有重大影響不良影響。天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應已日益引起甲烷水合物的分解可能產(chǎn)生氣態(tài)甲烷并增加海水中世界各國的高度重視溶解態(tài)甲烷的濃度,甲烷將從過(guò)飽和的海水進(jìn)入大下面我們從全球氣候變化、海底地質(zhì)災害和海氣。使大氣中的甲烷濃度隨甲烷水合物的分解而增洋生態(tài)三個(gè)方面分析天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應加。因此,存在于地殼淺表層的天然氣水合物穩定(1)天然氣水合物與全球氣候變化:天然氣水合與否,對全球大氣組分變化造成巨大的沖擊,影響到收桶日期:2003-11-06收到,2004-0106改回基金項目:中國科學(xué)院南海海洋所創(chuàng )新領(lǐng)域前沿項目(byq200312)資助第一作者簡(jiǎn)介:王淑紅(1977-),女,在讀博士生,海洋環(huán)境地球化學(xué)中國煤化工2001DA500)資助CNMHG礦物巖石地球化學(xué)通報全球氣候變化的走勢。美國、俄羅斯、加拿大等國學(xué)者已經(jīng)報導了鉆探過(guò)程從地史看,全球氣候變化與天然氣水合物釋放中產(chǎn)生的不可控制的氣體釋放、管道堵塞、油井噴甲烷有關(guān)0。人們十分關(guān)心在全球氣候變暖后,發(fā)、火災、災難性的井位下陷、氣體滲漏到海洋表層從天然氣水合物中釋放的額外的甲烷進(jìn)入大氣后產(chǎn)等災害事件s2生的后果3:3?；谔烊粴馑衔飪瘜拥某叨忍烊粴馑衔锏沫h(huán)境效應在海洋地質(zhì)災害中主和甲烷中同位素的組成,推斷大陸邊緣淺地質(zhì)儲集要表現于兩個(gè)方面:自然分解引起的地質(zhì)災害與鉆層中的天然氣水合物可以釋放大量甲烷,進(jìn)入海洋井引起水合物分解造成的環(huán)境破壞。前者研究得較后可能會(huì )改變海洋中溶解碳的組成,或大氣中甲烷多3-。目前較為一致的認識是,海平面升降、地濃度-3天然氣水合物中釋放的甲烷在古新世震和海嘯導致水合物分解;而水合物分解產(chǎn)生的滑末增溫事件(LPTM中起了重要作用。目前已塌、滑坡和濁流則可能進(jìn)一步引發(fā)新的地震和海在始新世末劉、早白堊世、晚侏羅世、早侏羅嘯60。天然氣水合物的分解還可使海底沉積物的世等時(shí)段發(fā)現了天然氣水合物大量分解,釋放力學(xué)性質(zhì)減弱,引發(fā)海底滑坡、塌陷,甚至海嘯等自CH導致全球升溫的確切證據。已有人用甲烷水然災害,對海底電纜通訊光纜、鉆井平臺、采油設備合物快速釋放產(chǎn)生甲烷來(lái)解釋早侏羅世沉積3、晚等工程設施造成威脅或破壞,甚至波及沿岸的建筑侏羅世沉積“及古新世海洋和大陸碳酸鹽成分物危害航行安全和人民的生命財產(chǎn)21中-3δC的負偏移現象。古新世晚期強烈的火海底滑坡是一種常見(jiàn)的地質(zhì)災害。天然氣山活動(dòng)釋放的(O)2導致全球變暖,通過(guò)有孔蟲(chóng)8“(·水合物形成與分解過(guò)程或其他的一些因素都會(huì )引起估計海洋溫度大約增高7℃1。相對于全球氣候沉積物發(fā)生變化,影響沉積物的強度;而天然氣水合的變暖,大量的海洋天然氣水合物降解釋放巨大數物與其分解產(chǎn)物間存在著(zhù)巨大的體積差異,因此當量的甲烷進(jìn)入空氣和海洋。由于甲烷中的C被耗受到其他地質(zhì)因子觸發(fā),發(fā)生大面積的天然氣水合海洋δC值下降了2‰~3‰PDB3。E.G.物層破壞將導致災害性事件。雖然天然氣水合物Nisbet將現今的全球變暖與13500,a前最近的會(huì )產(chǎn)生嚴重的地質(zhì)災害,但對實(shí)際問(wèn)題的證明卻是個(gè)主要冰期結束時(shí)天然氣水合物中甲烷的釋放相有限的。許多學(xué)者嘗試把大陸邊緣一些大型滑坡與聯(lián)系,指出在全球溫暖期,極地天然氣水合物分解并天然氣水合物分解失穩聯(lián)系起來(lái)55:1,0,621。末次釋放出甲烷進(jìn)入大氣圈,導致全球環(huán)境進(jìn)一步變暖。冰期某些水合物分布區的巨大滑坡可能解釋了為什K.A. Kvenvolden測量出阿拉斯加冰蓋下甲烷的濃么冰芯記錄中突然出現幾倍于當時(shí)大氣中的甲烷含度比大氣中的平均濃度高6~28倍,他估計僅僅釋量。已知最大的海底滑坡是挪威大陸邊緣的Stor放了天然氣水合物中甲烷的1%6,除了震動(dòng)導致rega滑坡。它留下290km長(cháng)的谷頭陡壁斷崖,向的地質(zhì)的和大氣的影響之外,也有板塊碰撞后快速下陸坡延伸逾800km,運移了5000km3的物質(zhì);其的全球大爆發(fā)的證據。MD.Max等)認為中首次滑塌可能釋放了5×102kg甲烷。B.∏晚白堊世的甲烷氣體在板塊碰撞后可能突然從海底查寥夫指出,百慕大三角區域內發(fā)生的災難都與天釋放,至少部分的引起了全球大爆發(fā)并對海洋空氣然氣水合物有直接聯(lián)系。系統的破壞產(chǎn)生了作用。(3)天然氣水合物與海洋生態(tài):海洋生物大都需全球氣候變化與天然氣水合物釋放甲烷的有關(guān)從海水中吸取氧氣,以維持生命活動(dòng)。但是,很多因證據還有海平面的變化。研究表明深海沉積物素都會(huì )導致海水中氧氣含量的減少,進(jìn)而影響海洋的地球化學(xué)、冰芯和其它地質(zhì)指示物證明過(guò)去氣候生物的活動(dòng)甚至造成海洋生物滅絕。在諸多的的快速變化與大氣中的溫室氣體濃度密切有響因素中,天然氣水合物的分解是導致冰期中止和關(guān)11。最后一次冰期的結束與天然氣水合物儲生物滅絕的主要因素,而海洋缺氧是海洋生物滅絕集層中釋放的大量甲烷有關(guān),或者說(shuō)后者對最后的直接原因次冰期的結束作出了極大的貢獻1天然氣水合物的分解引起全球氣候變化,必將(2)天然氣水合物與海底地質(zhì)災害:人類(lèi)正在不制約著(zhù)動(dòng)物植物的生長(cháng)演化。研究表明海洋缺氧斷認識天然氣水合物資源,并擬在不久的將來(lái)進(jìn)行是導開(kāi)采,而由此產(chǎn)生的海底地質(zhì)災害也在不斷增加中國煤化工Aas等認為釋放出游離狀的CNMHG王淑紅等/天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應CH4氣泡進(jìn)入水體,并與海水中的溶解氧發(fā)生化學(xué)和硫,導致了海洋缺氧,使深海有孔蟲(chóng)減少了30%反應,導致氧濃度降低。水體溫度增高、溶解氧降低50%。D.M.Raup和Jr. Sepkoski6指出, Fran及其他一些變化,導致許多深海物種死亡或暫時(shí)消ian/ Famennian邊界事件是顯生宙時(shí)期5個(gè)主要生失。趙省民0認為,水合物分解引起的地質(zhì)災害也物滅絕事件之一。這個(gè)邊界記錄了物種多樣性的大會(huì )導致海底生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化而殃及海洋生物。松本良量減少.10。二疊紀/三疊紀(P/T)生物滅絕事件認為,地史時(shí)期生物的大規模滅絕可能與此有關(guān),這是顯生宙一次最大的災難。到目前為止,各國學(xué)者觀(guān)點(diǎn)已得到一些學(xué)者的贊同6。 Matsumoto已經(jīng)提出了很多種機制解釋P/T邊界事件,包括海和G. Dickens等30根據海洋碳酸鹽中8C強烈的洋缺氧或深海CO2的產(chǎn)生(21、溫室效應)、火負偏移指出,天然氣水合物的大量分解已經(jīng)引起了山作用0、天然氣水合物中大尺度的甲烷釋放及影古新世末期全球變暖、海洋缺氧、生物滅絕。響3-1。K. Kaiho等6)認為,水合物釋放的額外的甲烷一方綜上所述,以圖1所示歸納天然氣水合物的整面加速了全球變暖,另一方面消耗了海洋中的氧氣體環(huán)境效應。L生標科龍)一洋缺多COa K物的夯〔長(cháng)海平上升C表薟Hs)短剛效□地質(zhì)證據匚二二推測效應圖1天然氣水合物環(huán)境效應示意圖41ig. 1 Diagram showing the environmental effects of natural gas hydrate[423天然氣水合物作為21世紀的重要能源地位已受到廣泛認可和關(guān)注,然而作為一個(gè)重要的氣候致5方銀霞,金用龍,明碧天然氣水合物的勒探與開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)[]變因子,其賦存狀況及其行為規律對全球氣候的影中國海洋平臺,2002,17(2):11-15.Fang Yinxia, Jin Xianglong, Li Mingbi. The exploration and響仍不容忽視。如何將地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期的重大事件與evelopment of gas hydrate [J]. China Offshore Platform環(huán)境效應結合是我們面臨的問(wèn)題2002,17(2):11-15.( in Chinese)[6]劉洪濤高建軍來(lái)自海底的能源—可燃冰[].國土資源與參考文獻( Reference):環(huán)境,2002,(2):38-39[1] Keith A K. The brief introduction of gas hydrate [J]. ForeignLiu Hongtao, Gao Jianjian. The energy comes from seabedDeposits and Geology, 1988, (4)120-29.combustible ice[J]. Country Resources and Environment[2] Sloan, E. 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Many countries are paying attention to it because it is important in energy sources exploration, submarine hazard, local environment, and global climatechange. This paper summarized environmental effects of the gas hydrate on the global warming, submarine haz-ards, and organism response during its formation, decomposition and exploitation. It will be the main research fieldhow to combine the important events happened in geological history with these environmental effects of gas hy-Key words: gas hydrate; environment effect; global climate change; submarine geological hazard中國煤化工CNMHG