An Analysis of the Natural State in Leviathan

理論研究An Analysis of the Natural State in Leviathan楊華(四川外語(yǔ)學(xué)院4001 )Abstract: in the chapter 13 of Leviathan, by amalyzing human natur, power, sovereignty can supervise the performing of theThomas Hobbes gives out his hypothesis of the Natural state, in which covenants and punish the people who breach them anpecople' s lives are guided by lw of nature. Without a common powerto build up the domestic order.keep all in awe,he law of nature cannot be observed all the time. ThusB..Ana logy between the I nternat iona Ilong time peace and comfort will never be achieved, and even the security Anarchical Society and the Natural Stateof people cannot be guaranteed. This situation can also be applied to theAs people make contracts with one another and agreemodem international anarchical society. This paper will make an analogy to abide by a common power, the natural state comes tobetween the natural state in Leviathan and the modern intemationl society an end, and then comes the idea of country.to analyze the reason of intemational conflics.In the anarchical international world a country isKey word: Levithan; lw of nature; natunal state; international like a person in the natural state. To pursue their ownanarchical society.safety and property they would try every means wi thoutany restriction, thus arise the continual competitionThomas Hobbes is a famous political philosopher and conflicts among nations. So every country canin the seventeenth century. His book Leviathan is his' only enjoy a relative and vulnerablemost controversial book which gains him much fame. To country’ s becoming stronger means another country’the present day it still plays an important role in the becoming weaker and more vulnerable, every country willwestern political philosophy. For a better understanding live in constant fear of being attacked or subdued byof the international society it is still worth studying other countries. Therefore they will always try tonobecome stronger and get more power, which will lead to aA. The Theory of the Natural Statemalign circlethe more competition of power the moreIn the natural state all the people are equal tuncertainty of safety.According to the theory of the natural state, wi thoutman sometimes manifestly stronger in body or of quicker a common power the malign circle_ in the internationalmind than another"I, yet the differences are not so anarchical state will never stop. In this situation longsignificant as they seened to be. For as to the strength term cooperation among Countries is impossible. On oneof body, the weakest has the ngth to kill the strongest, hand, there is the problem of profit distribution. Amongeither by“ secret machination or by confederacy with the cooperating countries the country that gets thothers that are in the same danger with himself" 2. And bigger share of profit will certainly become stronger,nobodybelieves that any other will be wiser. By this which means it will exert dangers on other countries asequality， every nan is capable of ruining one anotherenseofsecurity is largelydecided byfor his om survival. Thus every man lives in the danger the comparison of national power. So in the cooperationof being killed or subdued by others. So there come the wistate of war and the la of naturethe absolute profit that a country cares most. On theIn leviathan Hobbes states that the first principle other hand, there is another problemn in the cooperationf the law of nature is“to seek peace and follow it" .among countries- the problem of keeping rational all thef all people behave in the same way and try every time. As the human beings are jealous by nature, theirpossible means to achieve their om goals, none of them pursuance of fame and glory means that relative benefitcan succeed, rather they will fall in the endless feais more valuable than the absolute one. And also asof being destroyed or subdued by others. The second isbeings are easily driven by passion and horror,，it“that a man be willing, when others are so too, as far is just an ideal for then to keep rational all the time.forth as for peace and defense of himself he shall think Thus reason is only to smooth the present passion, andit necessary, to lay dowmn his right to all things; and cooperation among countries is short and expedient.be contented with so much liberty against other men asSince every country enjoys the same rights as thatne would allow other men against himself". Hobbes has people enjoy in the natural state, a country may make oralso listed several other laws of nature in Leviathan, breach a covenant. Then alliance is effective only whenJt they all can be put in one sentence: whatever youthe contract is beneficial to all the countries thatrequire. that others should do to you, that you do yemade the covenants. The realization of alliances of thecovenants countries manifests that in a certain period cooperationwith each other and promise to perform them. But without and alliance are possible amongcountriesan absolute power to supervise the performance of thethe same enemies and share the same interest. But thecovenants,no one can guarantee the performance of the problem of interest distribution still exists. Once theircontracts, for the contracts may sometimes be not common enemies disappear, they. will come back to theequally beneficial to every contactor. So even there arnatural state and care about their own interest only.covenants, self conservation will always be the firstCooperation, competition and conflicts among theprinciple of human behavior, and the state of war willcountries are the real condition in the internat ionalnever come to end.society. Every country can only depend on itself to fightn awe, the against the possibledangers and protect its people andapplication of the law of nature can never be guaranteed. propert:So people give part of their rights to a person or an every c中國煤化Iie Deans to becomeagency. and give it some power to govern their society. nore poscd this competitionThus the idea of a country comes out. In Leviathan a will beTYHCN M H Ger countries. Thuscountry is a supper power, and more importantly, people all the countries will be living in a kind of hostileendow it with a soul - sovereignty which is absoluteand suspicious environment and can never enjoy long timeand cannot be divided and transferred. By its absolute peace and comfort.15理論研究淺談冬不拉演奏中如何增強音樂(lè )表現力張建鈴(甘肅省阿克塞哈薩 克族自治縣群眾文化藝術(shù)館736400 )摘要:在冬不拄演奏中如何增強音樂(lè )表現力?首先，熟練掌握彈奏曲調有的含蓄而內蘊;有的外露而奔放:有的沉穩而和運用冬不拉彈奏技術(shù)，尤其是樂(lè )曲的基本彈奏技巧。第二，增強學(xué)纏綿; 有的粗獷而強悍，融合了東方與西方音樂(lè )的元素，是哈薩生對音樂(lè )內容的感受和理解,提高文化修養，做到理性和感性同步?？嗣褡鍤v 史與現實(shí)精神世界的真實(shí)反映。歌詞和曲調水乳交觸,第三,培養良好的心理狀態(tài)，是增強音樂(lè )表現力的重要保證。飛翔在廣袤的草原上，因而形成了“歌和馬是哈薩克人的兩只翅關(guān)鍵詞:冬不拉;演奏;音樂(lè )表現力膀"的寫(xiě)照，和從生到死“唱若來(lái)唱著(zhù)去”的民族特色文化。因此就要求教學(xué)者既要教授音樂(lè )理論和冬不拉的彈奏理論，又要講冬不拉是哈薩克族彈弦樂(lè )器。是哈薩克族民間最流行的傳統冬不拉作 品的理解和表現力。冬不拉演奏是感知、審美和傳情的樂(lè )器，分為高、中低等十幾種。作為撥奏弦鴨樂(lè )器之一-的冬不 藝術(shù)，學(xué)習曲目就要反復讀譜，背譜，了解作者的意圖和作品內拉，是流行于中國新疆伊犁哈薩克族地區的民間撥弦樂(lè )器，在甘含的感情及作品風(fēng)格， 特色、調式、和聲、結構、力度、高潮等肅省阿克塞哈薩克族自治縣也廣泛流傳。優(yōu)秀的冬不拉演奏往往樂(lè ) 曲整體特點(diǎn)，在此情況下運用熟練的技巧，演奏出的樂(lè )曲才會(huì )產(chǎn)生強烈的藝術(shù)感染力，使人身臨其境，情景交融，塑造出鮮明富 有感染力。生動(dòng)的藝術(shù)形象。作為學(xué)冬不拉者，如何提高音樂(lè )表現力，筆者第三，培養良好的心理狀態(tài)，是增強音樂(lè )表現力的重要保就自己在冬不拉教學(xué)中的實(shí)踐，談- 一些體會(huì )。證.冬不拉以簡(jiǎn)樸輕盈的構造，蓄納天地萬(wàn)籟之聲，淋漓盡致地首先，熟練掌握和運用冬不拉彈奏技術(shù)，尤其是樂(lè )曲的基傳 達出草原特殊的音樂(lè )語(yǔ)匯，表達著(zhù)哈薩克人民的悲歡離合和喜本彈奏技巧。冬不拉是哈薩克族彈弦樂(lè )器。是哈薩克族民間最流怒哀樂(lè )。 演奏者的良好心理狀態(tài)應當是臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮時(shí)能夠沉著(zhù)冷靜行的傳統樂(lè )器，分為高、中、低等十幾種。冬不拉易學(xué)易帶，深而又熱情大方， 既能全神貫注地投入，情感又能得到自然的流受哈薩克族喜愛(ài)。木制音箱，音積有扁平和飄形兩種，琴桿上有露， 甚至超水平地發(fā)揮。而緊張的心理狀態(tài)往往引起演奏者動(dòng)作九個(gè)纏皮線(xiàn)的品位，張兩根弦?？勺喑鋈?、四度、五度、六度僵硬， 思維停頓，發(fā)生錯誤。教師應當在學(xué)生一開(kāi)始學(xué)習冬不拉和八度的和音。音量較小，一股用于自彈自唱、獨奏和合奏等。時(shí) 就幫助其分析緊張的原因，克服緊張的心理狀態(tài)，增加演奏時(shí)哈薩克族的音樂(lè )工作者，對冬不拉進(jìn)行了改革，增加了品位，改感情的投入， 仔細體會(huì )樂(lè )曲的美感。當然，扎實(shí)的基本功，對樂(lè )用鋼絲弦，擴大了音域，增大了音量。制成有高低音不同的冬不曲內容的充分把握 有助于建立起演奏者的信心，但感情的投入同拉。如四弦十二品的最高音冬不拉、四弦+五品的高音冬不拉、樣必不可少。 學(xué)會(huì )將生動(dòng)的音樂(lè )發(fā)自?xún)刃淖匀坏亓髀冻鰜?lái)，才會(huì )二弦十三或+四品的中音冬不拉、二弦十七品的次中音冬不拉和感動(dòng)聽(tīng)眾。 音樂(lè )表現不是將表演作為外在技巧的顯示和夸耀，而十品的低音冬不拉等。演奏東不拉，將琴斜置于懷中，左手持琴是用 與作者同樣的思想感情和心態(tài)去體會(huì )和展示音樂(lè )藝術(shù)的魅按弦，右手彈撥。左手按弦時(shí)，多用食指和拇指，其次是中指和力達到忘我的程度，感動(dòng)自己，并通過(guò)這種交流形式感動(dòng)聽(tīng)無(wú)名指，小指很少使用，右手主要用中指和搬指撥弦，其余三指眾少用，有時(shí)也使用撥片彈奏。一般以外弦奏旋律，內弦作和弦襯總之， 音樂(lè )表現力的提高是無(wú)止境的，它要求我們在演奏托，有時(shí)也相反，還經(jīng)常用內外弦同時(shí)彈奏旋律。學(xué)生對冬不拉中盡可 能地投入自己的情感，努力挖掘作品的內涵。但這些并不藝術(shù)的深入學(xué)習和進(jìn)一步掌握也是從這里開(kāi)始的，沒(méi)有它，完美是一朝一夕 就能達到的，它涉及許多方面的問(wèn)題。這就要求教師的音樂(lè )表現力就是一句空話(huà)。因此，各種指法的訓練及練習曲的要合理安排學(xué)習曲目， 因材施教，不斷提高學(xué)生的音樂(lè )素養，使勤奮學(xué)習是完全必須的。只有具備了扎實(shí)的基本功，才有可能彈他們受到良好的藝術(shù)熏陶， 幫助學(xué)生克服緊張心理狀態(tài)和不良習奏不同力度、速度、不同長(cháng)度、難度的作品，才有可能傳達作品慣: 同時(shí)，也應當建議學(xué)生嚴格要求自己，勤奮練習，多聽(tīng)多的意境?？?，豐富各方面知識和舞臺實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗，不斷總結提高自己的水第二，增強學(xué)生對音樂(lè )內容的感受和理解，提高文化修養，平, 使冬不拉的演奏藝術(shù)得以繼承和發(fā)展。做到理性和感性同步。冬不拉的主要演奏形式是阿肯彈唱，阿肯彈唱豐富了草原文化的底蘊。冬不拉伴奏下的歌聲，充溢著(zhù)強烈作者簡(jiǎn)介:的民族氣質(zhì)、性格，理想與追求，散發(fā)著(zhù)濃郁的生活氣息與地域張建鈴生于 1974年8月3日男籍貫甘肅本科學(xué)歷現任助風(fēng)情。歌詞中有大量的諺語(yǔ)、比喻、哲言，睿智而通俗，機警而理館員 主要研究哈薩克族民俗民間藝術(shù)， 從事哈薩克族民間樂(lè )器演幽默，生動(dòng)而風(fēng)趣，樸素凝煉，淺顯易懂.奏和研究。.C. Comment on the Theory of the Natural State the fundamental aspect of the world politics.Hobbes' theory of law of nature and the naturalstate gives us a new angle to observe the international 注釋anarchical society. It tells that though there are 1.lbid,. 202.periods of peace and alliances， the universal and 2.Ibid, 202.absolute competition and conflicts among countries are 3.Ibid, 205the basic structural characteristic of the modern world. 4.Ibid.205Because of this there cannot be effective constraint 5.Ibid., 205.of countries' behavior. They will behave in their ownway according to their own benefit. To some extent this Bibliographyis also the nature of the international relationship. 1. Li zhenzhong, British Studies- An Introductory Coursebook for Socio-Knowing this will help us gain a better understanding of culturally Oriented Postgraduate of SISU, Sichuan Intemnational Studiesthe world.University, 2006.Though Hobbes' theory of the natural state is 2. 霍中國煤化工)，h:/ww ahuienot perfect, his theory still have great influence on comthe diplomatic practices. It tells us even in today' s作者簡(jiǎn)TYHCNMHGeconomy depending world, international anarchy is stillthe fundamental structural characteristics in the world楊華， 女，四川外語(yǔ)學(xué)院研究生部，專(zhuān)業(yè):英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專(zhuān)politics; inter-state disputes and struggles are still 業(yè), 方向:主要英語(yǔ)國家社會(huì )文化。16