The Functional Methods of Discourse Analysis

科技信息人文社科.The Functional Methods of Discourse Analysis廣西大學(xué)外國語(yǔ)學(xué)院覃卓敏 .[Abstract] From the macroscopic angle of function, methods of discourse analysis are clarified to find out two importantmethods in pragmaics and through which will better used in the undestanding of discourse.[Key Words] Discourse analysis Functional methodsIntroductionfollow or violate those priciples instead. Therelore we should pay at-It is necessary to know thal the theory of discourse analysis exist tention to tbe relativity of the cooperative principle in the informationalong the long development of human's understanding of language, exchange in order to communicale elctivele. Let's take the shortwhich also enhances diferent scholars ' research on discourse analy- conversation 明an example,sis, consulting to diferent research methods-- from form to func-A. Can you tell me how can I go to the police station?tion, from statie state lo dynamic state, from single feld lo interdispo-B. That's casy. You go in to the supemarket next door and lakeline. Tradinally, discourse can be understood from two angles- the anything you like then leave without pay. You will be there in tenanalysis of discourse structure and the analysis of ideology relected minutes.by gocial culture. Special altention will be paid on the functionOnerously, A 8 answer volutes the maxim of relation, accordingmethods in the discourse analysis in this paper.to the which B can hardly find out his way to police station and prob-Pragmatic and context are strongly emphasized when using ably would not flLlow the sugestion of A, yet a sense of hunor isfunctional methodes in discourse analysis. For instance, when dis- produced in the conversation in purpose.course is placed in certain context of social culture and the back-Anther .example in daily life:ground kcertain structural description should beA German poet Goethe walked in the park. He met a critic on aused or in he olher word, the discourse is undergoing the second narrow path, which alowed only one person to pass. The two men ap-coding, As a result, the functional methods closely related to the proached each olher.“I never give way to fols", the crntic saidPragmatics, and are provided with bright social property.haughtily.1. Speech act & Pragmatic“On the contrary, I do." saying that with a smile, Goethe stood1.1 Speech actaside to let him goAs an important theory inIn this case, Goethe perform the maxim of manner pefectly, infirstly advanced by philopher Austin, and then developed by Searl contrast, he also silflly violales the maxim of reation. In facl, ordi-It has been regurded a one of important theories in the field of lin- . nary people can read the signification of peremploriness in the enitic'guistics and the interdisciplinary domain at present, which comprises 8 word, not to mentionthe poet. When, likewise, holding the samethat certain speech can help people realize what he wants to accom- idea as the critic, his rival could be a fool眙well.plish direly or idirecely. According to speech act theory, a epeakerIn addition, seeking for a complete set of rerch aystem on themight be perfoming three acts simultaneously when epeaking locu- usege is another imminenly lask of the funcional methods.tionary act, ilocutionany act, and perlocutionary act, which can not be1.3 Relevance Theoryfelched together in certain conditions. For example, when the speakerRelevance theory was first brought forward by Spurber and Wil-uttering wordes, phrases, and clauses, he is also earying out the act of son, as a pragmnatic theory which explains commurieation has re-conveying lieal meaning by means of syolax lexicon and phonology, ceived wide atentions since eighics of last century It mainly studiesand is a kind of ilocutionary act or perlocutionary act a well. Indeed, communicative inference process. In particular, it comprises mainlythe same sentence will realie dfferent speech acts when itis used to two important concepls- perceives relevance and communicativereach various target audiences, spoken in various intonations, or inrelevance, it focuses on principles of utterance in communication.various conditions, 80 that the founctional method can be undertaken.The basie framework of relevance theory is brielly discussed in this1.2 Cooperative pinciplespaper in order to presents the interpretation of discourse comprehen-As for the reacarch on dynamic discoune, Grice points out that, sion by discussing features of communication inlerence, cognitivein order to achieve the target in the communication, bouh of the conlexl and optimal relevance. The relevance is not only atributablespeakers have to hold a cooperative and tacit atitude in the proce-to relevant information but also to relevant expressive behavior. Fordure of communication, such略the principle of truth, slficiency,比example, the itrelatinships among relevant infomation, relevantlation, cleamess, base on which, the principle of maxim of quantity, expressive behavior, contextual llects, and cognitive eects. On themaxim of quality, maxim of relation, maxim of manner were put for- one hand, all the information expressed in terns of word should beward in is later research. According to the theory, whatever cultural laken as a whole to achieve the goal of underslanding to the maximumbackground the speaker has, all those basic principle should be im- level.中國煤化工lhat coneing masageplemented in their communication. However, examples of violatingshould! arive at the same goal.the principles cen be found in our daily kife validated by practice, inm AccordYHC N M H Gion ofthe wold souldcluding the violating act on the purpose such a certain communica-be observed the disciplinarian of relevance. In the same manner, cor-tive intention. There is also needs to notice that it is not absolute to rect understanding must be based on the relevant information of theobserve or to violate the cooperative principle. Reverse, it relatively world.一121一科技信息人文社科2. The attribute of the social cultureety should occupy a more significant positin when applying theThe atributle of the social culure oriented from the research offunctional methods in the research procedure of discourse analysis.sociology, anthropology and social cricism. A group of scholar began On the one bhand, language reckons upon the society. It is commonto switch their atention from macroecopic social phenomenon to dailyknowledge that language gets is birth during the forming of humansocial nterctions, which convey the meaning that functionl methodssociey; there sbhould be no language if here hadn't been for theare used to investigate kinds of social activities or practices.commucative needs of humean being in that uncivilized world. NoThe combination of format and meaningmatter how clever the single sound the itlligent animals (besidesIt ia no doubt that discourse is composed of vocabulary accord-human being) use to communicate with their members, it will sil being toa set of grammar eyiem, but there is no regulation that pre a sound but not s Bystematic language, not to mention a discourse. Onscribes what kind of format corepond to an excluaive meaning. The the other hand, the society can not depart from the language, furthermore, the virtual value language rooted in the discourse, with whichsame function but produce diflerent format. For example, in the situ-communication can be carried out Bessfully in the society, and al-ation of geeing, diferent format will be used in Chinese and Eng-so owning to diferent kind of discourse, intercommunication can belish:rich and colorful.①A: How are you?ConclusionB: Fine, thank you. And you?In the end of the essay, it can be summarized in this way thatA: I'm fine too.functional method of discourse analysis is a scientific method which②甲:你好!includes two significant perspectives- rexploiting new orientation of乙:你好!pragmnatic and its distinct social atrbule. Neverheless, the functionalIt ia necessary to notice that diferent formats are used to expressmethods of discourse analysis are focusing on one incisive point,the same meaning in the same language.function, of the reearching methods, in order to have a gip on the③A: Hello!overall of discourse analysis, there are still other methods to consultB: Hello!④A: lt's fine day today!B: Yos, it's lovely.References⑤甲:你吃過(guò)沒(méi)有?[1 ]illian Brown and Gecorge Yule. Discouse Analyis [M].乙: 還沒(méi)有,這就去。Syndicate of the Pres of the Univesity of Cambridge, Cambridge,⑥甲:你上哪兒?England, 1983.乙:我上辦公室,你呢?[2]Diana Boxer & Andrew D. Cohen.Studying Speaking to甲:我去實(shí)驗室。Inform Second Language Leamning[M]Multilingual Matter Lid, 2004.That the fixed discourse format assembled by certain formnat and[3]sincair. J and M. Coulthand. Towards an Analysis of Dis-meaning is decided by the apiration of a certain social group thatcourse [M].Oxford, oxford Univesity Pes,1975.using the language, and established by usage of the experience of the[4]李關(guān)霞.話(huà)語(yǔ)屬性類(lèi)型探究[]].外語(yǔ)藝術(shù)教育研究，people who belong to diferent language using group. Indeed, with the2006 (1).rapid development of the society, the fixed discourse formats keep[5]徐家金.從功能和結構看貨與分析研究諸方法[].解放changing a well. The interdependent relationship between the lan-軍外語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報,2004,(4).guage and society directs to the stage of amalgnation.[6]朱永生.話(huà)語(yǔ)分析五十年:回顧與展望[].外國語(yǔ),The interdependent relationship between the language and soci-2003,(2).(上接第120頁(yè))像初看到的那樣簡(jiǎn)單。 )“簡(jiǎn)單”為喻底,“象”以外的事物域、人的社會(huì )屬性活動(dòng)域和情感域。借助紐馬克關(guān)是明喻的標志詞。于隱喻的七種翻譯方法翻譯英語(yǔ)體喻,使用頻率上:一般多用⑥省略。即省略英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)疊用或意義重復部分。如: good①②⑤,少用③④⑥⑦。英漢民族認知和語(yǔ)言有相似,但文化有head on one's shouldere(有頭腦)。別,英漢語(yǔ)的體喻表達中喻體形象會(huì )對應或不對應,甚至不可⑦隱喻與喻底結合。一般用于引進(jìn)介紹英語(yǔ)喻體不同于漢譯,在力求生動(dòng)又確保原意的要求下,重現相同的喻體代替英語(yǔ)喻體的情況,豐富漢語(yǔ)表達。用直譯加注釋1解釋的方法,既語(yǔ)喻體和轉化成喻底是漢譯時(shí)最常用的翻譯方法。人體隱喻中保留隱噲的民族文化特征,又加深讀者對譯文的理解。如: A用明喻翻譯隱喻和省略重復喻體翻譯的情況不多,隱喻與喻底bird in the hand is worh two in the bush.(-鳥(niǎo)在手勝過(guò)二鳥(niǎo)在林,結合一般用于為豐富漢語(yǔ)表達而引進(jìn)英語(yǔ)喻體不同于漢語(yǔ)喻得到手的才靠得住。)體的情況,這些翻譯方法使用也相應少。換個(gè)角度，紐馬克的隱喻翻譯策略也可以簡(jiǎn)化歸結為直譯、意譯和套譯:①③為直譯:②為套譯:④⑤⑥為意譯;⑦為直譯參考文獻.和意譯結合。直譯可以是漢語(yǔ)原有的對應體喻,也可以是引入[1]Clark IOF. Worduvise. A Dicrionary of English Idioms[M].英語(yǔ)獨有的體喻,豐富漢語(yǔ)表達法;套譯和意譯,用于英語(yǔ)中有Harnp中國煤化工而漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有的體喻,要么用漢語(yǔ)中對等的其它部位或器官構rs We Lived By [M].成的體喻代替，要么直接將喻底譯出來(lái)。ChicagMHCNM H G980.總而言之,由于人類(lèi)思維“體認"特征,語(yǔ)言中人體詞常用[3]Newmark P A.Texrbook of Tanslation[M].Herfrdshire:來(lái)認知世界,產(chǎn)生大量人體隱喻表達一依 據相似性(喻底),Prentice Hall Intemationa(UK)Ld,1988.人體(喻體)映射到非人體(本體)。英語(yǔ)體喻“本體"主要有:人[4]單俊毅英語(yǔ)隱喻釋義三步法[]國外外語(yǔ)教學(xué)1995(3).一122-..