天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應

礦物巖石地球化學(xué)通報綜述●Blletin of Mineralogy , Petrology and GeocemistryVol. 23 No. 2,2004 Apr,天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應王淑紅,宋海斌”，顏文11.中國科學(xué)院南海海洋研究所和廣州地球化學(xué)研究所邊緣海地質(zhì)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗室、廣州510301;2.中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所.北京100101摘要:天然氣水合物是近些年來(lái)發(fā)現的一種新型超級潔凈能源,因其在能源勘探、海底災害環(huán)境和全球氣候變化研究中的重要性而日益引起世界各國的高度重視。本文綜述了天然氣水合物在形成、分解過(guò)程中的加劇全球氣候變暖、海底災害和影響海洋生物等環(huán)境效應:指出將地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期的重大事件與天然氣水合物產(chǎn)生的這些環(huán)境效.應結合將成為今后的主要研究方向。關(guān)鍵詞:天然氣水合物:環(huán)境效應:全球氣候變化;海底地質(zhì)災害中圖分類(lèi)號:P618.13文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1007- 2802(2004)02-0160-06隨著(zhù)社會(huì )經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展,全球資源日益減少，物存在于地殼淺層(小于2000 m),儲量巨大,當遇能源供需矛盾日趨緊張.環(huán)境和資源問(wèn)題已成為21到環(huán)境變化時(shí),溫度的升降、壓力的變化、海平面變世紀的主要議題。近年來(lái),天然氣水合物成為開(kāi)發(fā)化、沉積盆地的升降.上覆沉積物的增厚、構造活動(dòng)、新能源的焦點(diǎn),各國都在爭先研究和開(kāi)發(fā)。流體活動(dòng)等都會(huì )影響天然氣水合物層的穩定性,甚天然氣水合物(Natural Gas Hydrate.簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)Gas至導致天然氣水合物層的破壞,釋放出天然氣,并最:Hydrate),又稱(chēng)籠形化合物(Clathrate)。它是在一終進(jìn)入大氣圈(01。定條件(合適的溫度、壓力、氣體飽和度、水的鹽度、天然氣水合物的主要成分是溫室氣體CH,1、pH值等)下由水和天然氣組成的類(lèi)冰、非化學(xué)計CO2等,而目前進(jìn)人平流層的溫室氣體中人為源量、籠形結晶化合物。天然氣水合物的主要成分為(360X 10"g/a)與自然源(150X 10*g/a)相比占有甲烷;甲烷含量大于99%的天然氣水合物通常稱(chēng)為更大的通1量01。20 世紀60年代到1983年的測甲烷水合物[~9]。天然氣水合物主要分布于極地永定表明，大氣中的甲烷正以每年1%的速度增久凍土帶、海洋大陸坡、水下高地、邊緣海和內陸海，長(cháng)18-22]。 冰芯中的氣體分析表明，在最后一次冰尤其是與泥火山底辟構造以及大型構造斷裂有關(guān)期、間冰期的轉換過(guò)程中,空氣中的甲烷濃度變化接的地質(zhì)環(huán)境近兩倍，即從350X10~9增加到650X10~9(體積濃天然氣水合物的開(kāi)發(fā)利用涉及兩個(gè)方面的問(wèn)度)23-26]。存在于地殼淺層的天然氣水合物含有巨題:從資源方面考慮,這一資源儲量巨大，能夠滿(mǎn)足.大數量的甲烷(10°5~10"m' at STP2[2],至少是大.人類(lèi)未來(lái)清潔能源的需求;從環(huán)境方面考慮,作為溫氣中甲烷總量的3000倍。據報道,1 mol 甲烷對全室氣體甲烷的最大載體,它的開(kāi)發(fā)利用又可能是引球氣候變暖產(chǎn)生的影響是相同量二氧化碳的3. 7發(fā)全球氣候變化和海底地質(zhì)災害的重要因素。因倍，如以重量計則為10倍[8].且甲烷氧化產(chǎn)物CO2此.必須有超前的防范措施，以防止其對環(huán)境造成的也是一種重要的溫室氣體,對全球環(huán)境有重大影響。不良影響”。天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應已日益引起甲烷水合物的分解可能產(chǎn)生氣態(tài)甲烷并增加海水中世界各國的高度重視1-1。溶解態(tài)甲烷的濃度，甲烷將從過(guò)飽和的海水進(jìn)入大下面我們從全球氣候變化、海底地質(zhì)災害和海氣。使大氣中的甲烷濃度隨甲烷水合物的分解而增洋生態(tài)三個(gè)方面分析天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應。加。因此,存在于地殼淺表層的天然氣水合物穩定(1)天然氣水合物與全球氣候變化:天然氣水合與否,對全球大氣組分變化造成巨大的沖擊,影響到收稿日期:2003 11-06收到，2004 01-06改回基金項目:中國科學(xué)院南海海洋所創(chuàng )新領(lǐng)域前沿項日(y200312)資助，中央級科研院所社會(huì )公益研究專(zhuān)項資金項目(00DA5004)資助第一.作者簡(jiǎn)介:王淑紅(1977- ),女. 在讀博士生.海洋環(huán)境地球化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè). E mail; wshhsbq@ sesio. ac. cn.礦物巖石地球化學(xué)通報161全球氣候變化的走勢。美國、俄羅斯、加拿大等國學(xué)者已經(jīng)報導了鉆探過(guò)程從地史看,全球氣候變化與天然氣水合物釋放中產(chǎn)生的不可控制的氣體釋放、管道堵塞、油井噴甲烷有關(guān)08.30。人們十分關(guān)心在全球氣候變暖后，發(fā)、火災、災難性的井位下陷、氣體滲漏到海洋表層從天然氣水合物中釋放的額外的甲烷進(jìn)人大氣后產(chǎn)等災害事件[52-50。生的后果1.31?；谔烊粴馑衔飪瘜拥某叨忍烊粴馑衔锏沫h(huán)境效應在海洋地質(zhì)災害中主和甲烷中同位素的組成，推斷大陸邊緣淺地質(zhì)儲集要表現于兩個(gè)方面:自然分解引起的地質(zhì)災害與鉆層中的天然氣水合物可以釋放大量甲烷,進(jìn)入海洋井引起水合物分解造成的環(huán)境破壞。前者研究得較后可能會(huì )改變海洋中溶解碳的組成,或大氣中甲烷多57-59]。目前較為一致的認識是,海平面升降、地濃度03-8。天然氣水合物中釋放的甲烷在古新世震和海嘯導致水合物分解;而水合物分解產(chǎn)生的滑末增溫事件(LPTM)中起了重要作用8。目前已塌、滑坡和濁流則可能進(jìn)一-步引發(fā)新的地震和海在始新世末(01、早白堊世(01. .晚侏羅世、早侏羅嘯100]。天然氣水合物的分解還可使海底沉積物的世(等時(shí)段發(fā)現了天然氣水合物大量分解,釋放力學(xué)性質(zhì)減弱，引發(fā)海底滑坡、塌陷，甚至海嘯等自CH,導致全球升溫的確切證據。已有人用甲烷水然災害.對海底電纜.通訊光纜鉆井平臺、采油設備合物快速釋放產(chǎn)生甲烷來(lái)解釋早侏羅世沉積(+2]、晚等工程設施造成威脅或破壞，甚至波及沿岸的建筑侏羅世沉積[1]1及古新世海洋和大陸碳酸鹽成分物.危害航行安全和人民的生命財嚴產(chǎn)(63。中86-1918*C的負偏移現象。古新世晚期.強烈的火海底滑坡是一-種常見(jiàn)的地質(zhì)災害[587。天然氣山活動(dòng)釋放的CO)2導致全球變暖,通過(guò)有孔蟲(chóng)8"(水合物形成與分解過(guò)程或其他的.-些因素都會(huì )引起值估計海洋溫度大約增高7Cmn。相對于全球氣候沉積物發(fā)生變化.影響沉積物的強度;而天然氣水合的變暖,大量的海洋天然氣水合物降解釋放巨大數物與其分解產(chǎn)物間存在著(zhù)巨大的體積差異,因此當量的甲烷進(jìn)入空氣和海洋。由于甲烷中的"C被耗受到其他地質(zhì)因子觸發(fā),發(fā)生大面積的天然氣水合盡,海洋8"C值下降了2%~ 3% PDB*7。E. G.物層破壞,將導致災害性事件。雖然天然氣水合物Nisbet(4S)將現今的全球變暖與13 500,a前最近的會(huì )產(chǎn)生嚴重的地質(zhì)災害，但對實(shí)際問(wèn)題的證明卻是一個(gè)主要冰期結束時(shí)天然氣水合物中甲烷的釋放相有限的。許多學(xué)者嘗試把大陸邊緣-些大型滑坡與聯(lián)系,指出在全球溫暖期,極地天然氣水合物分解并天然氣水合物分解失穩聯(lián)系起來(lái)5859.0.0。末次釋放出甲烷進(jìn)入大氣圈,導致全球環(huán)境進(jìn)-一步 變暖。冰期某些水合物分布區的巨大滑坡可能解釋了為什K.A.Kvenvolden測量出阿拉斯加冰蓋下甲烷的濃么冰芯記錄中突然出現幾倍于當時(shí)大氣中的甲烷含度比大氣中的平均濃度高6~28倍,他估計僅僅釋量。已知最大的海底滑坡是挪威大陸邊緣的Stor-放了天然氣水合物中甲烷的1%*],除了震動(dòng)導致rega滑坡。它留下290 km長(cháng)的谷頭陡壁斷崖,向的地質(zhì)的和大氣的影響之外，也有板塊碰撞后快速下陸坡延伸逾800 km,運移了5000 km2的物質(zhì);其的全球大爆發(fā)的證據(41718]。M. D. Max等[9]認為中首次滑塌可能釋放了5X102 kg甲燒'3]。B. n.晚白堊世的甲烷氣體在板塊碰撞后可能突然從海底查寥夫指出,百慕大三角區域內發(fā)生的災難都與天釋放,至少部分的引起了全球大爆發(fā)并對海洋-空氣然氣水合物有直接聯(lián)系(01]。系統的破壞產(chǎn)生了作用。(3)天然氣水合物與海洋生態(tài):海洋生物大都需全球氣候變化與天然氣水合物釋放甲烷的有關(guān)從海水中吸取氧氣.以維持生命活動(dòng)。但是,很多因證據還有海平面的變化[50。研究表明，深海沉積物素都會(huì )導致海水中氧氣含量的減少,進(jìn)而影響海洋的地球化學(xué)、冰芯和其它地質(zhì)指示物證明過(guò)去氣候生物的活動(dòng).甚至造成海洋生物滅絕。在諸多的影的快速變化與大氣中的溫室氣體濃度密切有響因素中,天然氣水合物的分解是導致冰期中止和關(guān)9.1。最后一次冰期的結束與天然氣水合物儲生物滅絕的主要因素.而海洋缺氧是海洋生物滅絕集層中釋放的大量甲烷有關(guān),或者說(shuō)后者對最后一的直接原因。次冰期的結束作出了極大的貢獻!5)。天然氣水合物的分解引起全球氣候變化，必將(2)天然氣水合物與海底地質(zhì)災害:人類(lèi)正在不制約著(zhù)動(dòng)物、植物的生長(cháng)演化。研究表明,海洋缺氧斷認識天然氣水合物資源,并擬在不久的將來(lái)進(jìn)行是導致海洋生物滅絕的直接原因。KtsI1)等認為開(kāi)采,而由此產(chǎn)生的海底地質(zhì)災害也在不斷增加。海底沉積物中的天然氣水合物分解釋放出游離狀的162王淑紅等/天然氣水合物的環(huán)境效應CH,氣泡進(jìn)入水體,并與海水中的溶解氧發(fā)生化學(xué)和硫,導致了海洋缺氧，使深海有孔蟲(chóng)減少了30%反應,導致氧濃度降低。水體溫度增高溶解氧降低~50%。D. M. Raup和Jr. Sepkosk[58指出,Frasn-及其他一-些變化,導致許多深海物種死亡或暫時(shí)消ian/Famennian 邊界事件是顯生宙時(shí)期5個(gè)主要生失。趙省民[0]認為,水合物分解引起的地質(zhì)災害也物滅絕事件之一。 這個(gè)邊界記錄了物種多樣性的大會(huì )導致海底生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化而殃及海洋生物。松本良量減少6979]。二疊紀/三疊紀(P/T)生物滅絕事件認為,地史時(shí)期生物的大規模滅絕可能與此有關(guān),這是顯生宙一次最大的災難。到目前為止,各國學(xué)者一觀(guān)點(diǎn)已得到一些學(xué)者的贊同(5]。Matsumoto56已經(jīng)提出了很多種機制解釋P/T邊界事件，包括海和G.Dickens等(36]根據海洋碳酸鹽中8°C強烈的洋缺氧”或深海CO2的產(chǎn)生(2]、溫室效應”1、火負偏移指出,天然氣水合物的大量分解已經(jīng)引起了山作用14、天然氣水合物中大尺度的甲烷釋放及影古新世末期全球變暖、海洋缺氧、生物滅絕。響[35~78]。K. Kaiho等[67]認為,水合物釋放的額外的甲烷- -方綜上所述，以圖1所示歸納天然氣水合物的整面加速了全球變暖,另一方面消耗了海洋中的氧氣體環(huán)境效 應。[生物滅地!壓鐵石灰石"Sr/"Sr值]值品[ 8°C負偏移][ 含黃鐵礦黑色頁(yè)著(zhù)邀旅暖的光華」迎烷釋放>海洋缺多 .(全球變圈Co.種吞物的分啊長(cháng)期海平面上丑(活動(dòng)出關(guān)的斷教長(cháng)明效應C)短期效wC]地質(zhì)證據亡=-1椎測效城圖1天然氣水合物環(huán)境效應示意圖[42Fig.1 Diagram showing the environmental effects of natural gas hydrate[t2]天然氣水合物作為21世紀的重要能源地位已(11): 28- 30. 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Many countries are paying attention to it be-cause it is important in energy sources exploration, submarine hazard, local environment, and global climatechange. This paper summarized environmental effects of the gas hydrate on the global warming, submarine haz-ards , and organism response during its formation, decomposition and exploitation. It will be the main research fieldhow to combine the important events happened in geological history with these environmental effects of gas hy-drate.Key words: gas hydrate; environment effect; global climate change ; submarine geological hazard